Thu nepnawi mai mai

Thu nepnawi ah pawh a nawi lehzual hmangin blog ka'n thual mawi ang e.

*Mihring kan pung zel a, tui thianghlim kan mamawh tam tulh tulh. Tuna kan tuitlan lai hian nakinah chuan min chawm zo lo thuai ngei ang. Lui thianghlim, tuitlan tur tha, zo tlangsang atanga zoluitui vawt thiang fim kak luang dem dem thin te hian zawi zawia min kang san tial tial hma hian tun aia nasa lehzuala kan reserve a ngai.


*Luihnar lamah ramngaw a that viau chuan tuihawk a luang muang a, leilungah tui a lut tha a, chu chuan tuihna a siam tam thin. Tuihawk kal chak lutuk tur ven nan leh lei hnuaia tui a luh that theih nan luihnar hmun engemaw zatah a mual tan zawnga "contour trenching" siam hi duhthusam a ni. Hei hian tuihawk luang chak lutuk tur a vang ang a, lei chhungah tui a lut tha ang a, chu chuan tuihna a titam dawn a ni. Kan tuitlan thin hnar ramhnuai hmun engemaw zatah contour trench lai ila, hei hian nasatakin tuihna a tihpun ka ring.

*Mihring kan pung zel, kan bawlhhlawh pawh a pung zel, kan tuitlan a thianghlim lo tulh tulh. Kan khawpui hnaivaia luang luipuite an thianghlim lo tulh tulh bawk ang.  Kan zun-ek thli te hi kan eiin kan la in ngei a ngai dawn anih hi.............

Amniocentesis

              Amniocentesis hi a medical ruih na a, genetics lamah zir a ni ve fo thin a, chuvang chuan medical lampang hre miah lo mah ila, genetics kaihhnawih anih avangin tawitein ka'n ziak ve reng reng ang e.

                Nu pum chhunga naute (foetus)  a awm laia nautui bawm chhunga tuiah hian naute cells (foetal cells) thenkhat a awm thin a. Nautui (amniotic fluid) chu syringe hmanga hip chhuakin chu chu laboratory ah an test thin a. Cells chhunga chromosomes chu zir chiangin chromosomes dik lo (chromosomal abnormalities) avangin naute chu piansualna nei a ni em tih an hre thei thin. Hetianga test-na hi Amniocentesis an ti. 

A tangkaina:

                Amniocentesis hmang hian naute in genetics disorder a neih leh neih loh a hriat theih a, naute chuap a that leh that loh, rawn paing chhuak ta se, chuap tha tak neia tha taka thaw thei turin a rawn piang chhuak thei ang em tih te, Rh positive nge, negative zawk tih hriat nan te leh naute chu mipa nge hmeichhia tih hriat nan te a hman theih bawk. Fa neih hmasak lamah pianken dik lo te, piangsual te an lo awm tawh anih chuan amniocentesis test hi tangkai hle tura ngaih a ni a. Nu naupai lai chuan genetics disorder rapthlak tak a nei a ni tih hriat chhuah anih chuan, hrehawm tinreng tuar tura pian tir ai chuan chu naute chu pian chhuah tir lova tihhlum nghal mai nan te pawh an hmang fo thin. Chhung leh khat, lamhnai tak zingah painken fuh lo, piangsual, an awm chuan test ngei ngei a tha viau maithei.

A tha lo zawnga hman:

                 Hetihlai vek hian Amniocentesis hi a ni lo zawnga lo hmang pawh an awm ve tho mai. A tlangpuiin nau lo piang tur hi mipa nise tia duhtu hi an tam zawk a, India ramah ngat phei chuan hmeichhia hrin hi an huphurh em em thin. Amniocentesis hmang hian awlsam em em leh chiang em emin nau lo piang tur chu mipa nge anih dawna hmeichhia zawk tih a hriat theih a. Naute chu hmeichhia anih chuan an paih (aborted) mai thin a ni. Chhan dang awm miah si lova, hmeichhia anih avang ngawta nau tihtlak hi female foeticide an ti a. Nakina thuam chhawm tur huphurh vang ngawta hmeichhe naute, nu pumchhunga thlamuang taka an awm laia, tihluihna hmanga paih chhuah emaw, tihhlum emaw India rama a tam tur zia hi, rapthlak tham zet tur a ni.

            Amniocentesis te, ultrsound (sonography) te hi a tangkai em em rualin, a ni lo zawnga nasataka hman a nih avangin naute pawisawi lo te'n nunna an hloh nasa em em tawh a ni. Thisen far khat pawh la siam thiam lo leh cell pakhat lek pawh mahnia la siam thiam miah lo mihring hian a chang chuan nunna hlutzia hi kan hre zo lo fo thin.

Phytoremediation

                Thlai hian carbon dioxide a hip lut a, chu chu chaw siam nan hmang tangkaiin a taksa ah a lo dah tha hmak hmak thin a, hei hian boruaka carbon dioxide nasa lutuk tur a veng tlat thin. Hetiang deuh chiah green plants te hian leilunga pollutants thenkhat hip lutin a taksa ah a dah tha daih thei a. Chu chuan environment-a pollutants concentration sang lutuk tur a veng thei. Thlai thenkhat, pollutants hip khawm chak bik riau thlaite, polluted areas ah chingin pollutants tih tlem nan an hmang thin a, chu chu Phytoremediation an ti. 

              Soil hi kan thlai tona ber, a tel lova thlai chin theih miah lohna a ni a. Soil atangin thlaiin tui leh nutrients awm ang angte a hip thin. Thlai hian filter water a hip lova, tui leh nutrients inchawhpawlh soil solution a hip thin. Leilunga nutrients awm ang ang, a tha emaw, a chhia emaw a hip mai thin. Highly polluted soil ah thlai kan ching anih chuan thlai taksa ah pollutants an awm tel ngei tura ngaih a ni. Chuti anih si chuan thlai thianghlim nei tur chuan leilung hi a thianghlim a ngai tihna a ni.

            Leilung atanga pollutants lakbo hi tih namai a ni lova, a harsa em em dawn ani tih chu hetia ngaihtuah mai pawh hian a hriat reng mai. A tih theih dan awmchhun chu pollutants hip khawm thei thlai chin mai kha a awlsam ber chu a ni ta a ni.

             Brassica juncea (Antam) hian leilung atangin chromium leh lead a hiplut thei a, a taksa ah a dahtha thei a ni tih hriat a ni a. Tichuan antam chu polluted site ah nasatakin an ching a, a hnuah antam chu an seng khawm leh a, laboratory ah antam taksa atangin heng pollutants te hi la chhuakin an tibo leh a, duh chuan a recycle theih bawk. Antam hi a puitling hma a, a taksa a nem (non-woody) bawk a, a taksa atanga heavy metals lak chhuah pawh a awlsam deuh ngei ang. 

            Arsenic hi chemical hlauhawm tak mai pakhat a ni a, taksa ah natna a thlen thei a, chu chu arsenic poisoning an ti. Arsenic leilungah a tam chuan tui intur ah arsenic a tel fo thin. Lei hnuai atanga tui lak chhuah (underground water) ah te hlei hlei hian arsenic a tam fo thin. Ruah a sura leilunga tuilutin chhungril thuk lamah toxic chemicals a dahlut fo thin a, chu chu tuihnuai atanga tui pump chhuah atangin kan hmulet leh thei fo thin bawk. Pteris vittata (katchat chikhat) hian leilung atangin arsenic a hip khawm chak em em a, thlai dang zawng zawng aiin nasatakin a hip chak bik a, concentration hniam em em pawh nise a hip khawm tho tho thin. Pteris vittata phytoremediation atan a hman tangkai theih hle dawn tihna anih chu.

Red Green Colour Blindness

               Mit tha pangai reng, hmu fiah ve vek si, mahse rawng thenkhat thliar fuh hlei thei lo an awm thin a, chutiang harsatna chu Colour blindness an ti a. Colour blindness hi chi thum lai a awm a, chungte chu red-green colour blindness te, blue-yellow colour blindness te leh complete colour blindness te an ni. Blue-yellow colour blindness nei te chuan rawng pawl leh rawng eng an hre fuh hleithei lova, red-green colour blindness neite chuan rawng hring leh rawng sen an hre fuh hleithei lova, a inawm pawlh anih pawhin an thliar hrang hleithei lo fo thin. Complete colour blindness hi thil vang tak a ni a, hetiang natna neite chuan an thil hmuh reng reng a dum, a var leh grey angin an hmu vek thin. Heng colour blindness zingah hian red-green colour blindness hi a lar ber a ni. 

             Colour blindness hi inthlahchhawn theih thil a ni a, chutihlaiin accident emaw, mit naute that tawk loh vangin emaw vitamin A tlakchham vangin emaw, diabetes nasa tak avangin emaw a thleng thei thin. Inthlahchhawn thil avanga a lo thlen dan leh a inthlahchhawn chhoh dan i han chhui dawn ang hmiang.

Sex chromosomes:

           Red-green colour blindness hi sex-linked inheritance ani a, chuvang chuan sex chromosomes chungchang tawite sawi kai lawk ang. Mihringin chromosomes 46 (23 pair) kan nei a. Chung zinga 44 (22 pair) te chu autosomes an ni a, a bang pahnih (pair khat) te chu sex chromosomes an ti. Sex chromosomes te hi chi hnih an awm a, chungte chu X chromosomes leh Y chromosomes an ti. Mipa ah chuan X leh Y te hi an inkawp a, hetiangin 44 + XY; tin, hmeichhia ah chuan X chromosome pahnih an inkawp ve thung (44 + XX). Chromosome combination ah Y chromosome hi mipana thlentu a ni a, Y chromosome hi a awm lo anih chuan hmeichhia a lo piang thin a, tin, X leh Y comination ah Y aia X a tam zawk chuan a mipana a dal tial tial thin bawk.

Chromosome

              A hminga lehkha thiam tawh dek dek chuan chromosome hi kan hre theuhvin a rinawm, Mahse enge a nih chiah, enge a hnathawh, enge a tangkaina, khawilaiah nge a awm, tih erawh hre lo an awm nual thungin a rinawm. "DNA test" tih te pawh hi hre lo tura ka ngaihte pawh hian an hre zel mai. Enge DNA tih te, khawiah nge a awm a, enge a hnathawh tihte erawh an hre chuang lem hlei lo va. Hetiang thil ho mai mai zotawnga ziak hi a har ru zek a nia aw.

              Kum 1875 kum khan a hmasa ber atan chromosome chungchang hi Strasberger chuan a lo ziak tawh a. Chromosome hming hrim hrim phuaha hmang hmasa bertu chu Waldeyer (1888) a ni thung. Cell staining (a mizotawng chuan rawnga chiah kan ti mai dawn em ni) an tih laiin chromosome hi fiah kek kawkin a lang thin a, hei vang hian chromosome hming pawh hi an puttir ta a ni. Chroma = colour, soma = body).

Chromosome lan chian lai:

               Cell cycle hi hun hnih ah then a ni a, Mitotic phase (Division lai) leh Interphase (chawlh lawk lai) te an ni. Interphase hunlai hian chromosome te hi an sin em em mai a, hmuh a harsa em em thin. Mitotic phase hunlai hian chiang takin a lang thin a, mitotic phase hunlai rau rauvah metaphase hunlai hian hmuh a nuam bik thin.

Chromosome hruihrual:

               Lazai sinte hi uluk takin en ila, a aia sin lehzual pahnih in vingvial a ni tih i hmu thei ang. He lazai sin tak invet tlat hi DNA nen ka tehkhin thin a. He lazai sin tak sei em em mai hi hrual ila, chu kan hrualsa chu hrual chhawng chho zel ila, lazai sin sei tak chu tawite lian tak a lo ni ang. Hetiang chiah hian DNA thread sei tak chu a inhrual muk chho chhawng zel a, a tawpah chuan tawite, lian tha tak a lo ni ta a. Chu chu chromosome an ti ta a ni. Chromosome chu DNA hrui sei takin a siam anih chu.

Chromosome structure lar deuh te:

                     Chromosome ah hian a part pawimawh zual thenkhat a awm a, chungte chu chromatids, centromere leh telomeres an ti. Metaphase hunlaiin chromosome te hi ban pali neiin a awm a, chung a ban pali te chu chromatids an ti a, heng a ban pali te hi hmun khatah, a laiah, an inzawm khawm a, an inzawm khawmna lai chu centromere an ti. Chromosome ban pali te hi chromosome dang nen an awmdunin, a chang chuan an inzawm thei thin a, mahse chromosome hmawr tak erawh hi chu tlemin a danglam deuhva, helaiah tak hi chuan a inzawm tak tak thei thin lo. He chromosome hrawr hi telomere an ti.

Mizotawng chuan ziak a har kher mai. Remchang hmasa berah kan chhunzawm ang.

Sava khawngaihthlak

                    Dt 28th November zan zanlai ah sava pakhat kan verandah ah rawn kaiin kan tui barrel phenah awmhmun a khuar a. Zingah kan han en nak chuan sava lian leh mawi tak mai a lo ni a. Atirah chuan ramparva emaw ka ti a, chumi hnuah vahui a ang kan ti em em a. A chang sei mawi tak pakhat chu kan man laia a tal nasat vangin a thlawn hlauh mai a, ka ui kher mai. Chu sava chu ka han belchiang a, a awmah hliam chhete a lo tuar chu niin. Sava pawisawi lo leh mawi tak tak te tihhlum kan ching thin leh hliam kan tawrhtir thin hi chu a pawi a ni.

Lalte lal lai leh Environment

              Ka ngaihtuah thin a, hmana kan Mizo lalte an lal lai leh ro an rel a, tlang tina thu an neih lai khan kan ramngaw hi kan chhut phak ai daiha hluin an lo humhalh a. Tun hnu, lal kan neih loh hnu hian mi zawng zawng kan lo zalen ta a, kan duh duh lai ram kan vat a, ka thing duh apiang kan kit a, kan hal duai duai a tuman min sawisel tawh lo. Lal te kha, thenkhat tan chuan an sualin an chimawm viau pawh a ni mahna, mahse khawtlang leh ram tan thil an lo thlir lawk thui khawp mai. Environment an humhalh dan mawlh mai hi a ropui ka ti thin. Tunlaia 'kan humhalh' kan tih ve hian a lo tluk reng reng hleinem maw le. 


Loneihna tur hmun bik

                Mizo lal te'n ro an rel lai kha chuan mipuiin an duh duhna ah lo an vat ngawt thei lova. Lovah na tur bial an ruat a, chu an ruatna hmun lam ram apiang chu lo atan an thet thin. Duh duhna lai an vat ngawt thei lo. A kumleh ah a hlawmin bial dangah an insuan leh a, chutiang chuan awmze nei takin lo an nei thin a, kum tam a ral hnuah chuan, hmana an loneihna hmun kha lo atana vah tlak khawpa ram lo insiam tha lehin a lo tui leh hman tawh thin. Hetianga awmze nei taka lo an vah thin vang hian ramngaw tha lai thiah a ngai lova, ramngaw tha tak, chak lakna hmun tur tha tak an zuah thei thin a ni.


Dai hnaiah chawhmeh

             Dai hnaiah zawngtah kung a awmin an zuah a, thingthupui kung a awmin an zuah a, a duh duhin an rawtin an kit ngawt thei lo. Lal te hian anmahni tana an humhalh a ni lova, khawtlang mipui tana humhalh an ni. Tunah chuan mimal tin hi kan lal ber theuh va, kan duh duh kan kit a, kan rawt a, kan duh apiang kan ta neih hmiah a, kan patta hnan hmiah hmiah bawk.


Rahtlan leh partlan

                Rahtlan leh partlan kung an ram chhungah a tam chuan sava leh ramsa dangte an ram chhungah a tam dawn a ni tih hriain lal fing deuh chuan an ram chhunga rahtlan leh partlan te an zuah thin a. Kan naupan lai pawhin heng partlan leh rahtlan kungte hi dai hnaiah hmuh tur tam tak a awm thin a. Lal leh upa te'n humhalh tlat lo sela chuan mipuiin an humahalh ka ring miah lo.


Thei kung an humhalh

               Thei kung te hi thing tha tak, tuah thing atana tha an ni tlangpui a. Miduham thenkhat chuan theikung tha tak pawh nise, kih an hreh lem lo thin. Lal te khan dai hnaia theikung te kha an humhalh hram hram thin a, kih an phal ngai reng reng lo.Thei thenkhat phei chu khawtlang huapin an lawh a, an insem a, chhungkaw tin, a hausa leh a rethei pawhin, thei eitur an chang theuh thin.


Lui an humhalh

               Mahni khau leh ram chhunga lui te an humhalh thiam hle a. Sangha pawh sangha tlangvuak rawtin a sanghahuhovin an man thin a, a huhovin ngawi te an dawh thin anih kha. Luisa te pawh hi khawmual sa ang thova duat loh chuan rem vek thei a ni tih an hre chiang hle a, mahni ei khawp te te chauhvin miin an man thin.


Khuai an humhalh

                Khuai hi an mi zuk a na tih loh chu an tangkai em em a. Pollinators lar leh tangkai ber an ni. Hmanah chuan khuai te hi, a bikin khuaipui leh kham khuai te hi, lalin an humhalh a, a lak a hun hma chuan mimalin an la ngai meuh lo. A hunah chuan khawtlang huapin a huhovin an la thin. An lak pawhin thiam takin an la a, rem vek khawp chuan an la ngai hek lo. Zuah chin an nei thin ni ngei tur a ni, a kumleh ah lak tur a awm leh mai thin.


Mauhak an humhalh

                Mauhak an humhalh thin hi lal ho an fin em em na pakhat niin ka hria. Mau hi thingtlanga cheng te tan chuan a tangkai em em a. In tha tak sa ve thei lo tan pawh mau hmangin in a sak ve theih mai thin. Huan hung nan, hnang atan, em, thlangra, pa te, papui, khumbeu, leh inchhung sekrek hrang hrang atan an hmang nasa em em thin. Heti taka mau a tangkai avang hian chak lakna tur hmun mauhak an zuah hrang thin a. He mauhak an humhalh thin hi conservation lam hawi atana hna an thawh tangkai em em pakhat a ni. An hma lo lak tawhna zuiin khaw tam takin tun thleng hian mauhak hmun tha tak an la nei thei a ni.


Sawi zawm zel ang.....

             Kan Mizo lalte kha hnamdang lalte nena tehkhin chuan tlawmte mah nise, an hawiher a zauvin an rilru zawng zawngin an khua leh tui, an mite, an ram an hmangaih a, theihtawpa thain ro an rel thin. Mipuite mamawh awmna chu  an khaw hual veltu ram zau tak leh tukloh ramngaw te a ni tih hriain theihtawpin ramngaw humhalh hna an thawk ve thin a, hmathlir thui tak an nei thin. Dan khauh tak an zam ve a, chu dan huang chhungah chuan zalen takin mipui te'n khawsak an rel ve thin.

            Khawvel kal chho zel leh Lal neih a inrem thei ta lova, loh theih lohna vangin lal ban an ni ta. Lal bik leh thuneitu bik an awm ta lova, mi zawng zawng inang khat leh intluk tlang vek kan lo ni ta a, zalen kan lo ni ta.  Tichuan mi zawng zawng kan intluk tlang ta a, mi zawng zawng inang khat vek kan lo ni ta. Sang bik kan awm ta lova, hniam bik pawh kan awm tawh hek lo. Lal leh thunei bik an awm tawh lova, thupetu leh khauh taka roreltu, mipui te'na an hlauh em em an awm tawh hek lo. Zalen kan ni ta a, mahse kan zalenna erawh kan ramngaw leh a chhunga nungchate tan chuan lungngaihna a ni ve thung; kan zalenna kan hman thiam loh vangin kan ramngaw tha leh a chhunga cheng nungcha te'n an tuar ta em em a nih hi. Environment pawimawhzia leh humhalh a tul zia hi sorkar kutah duh aiin kan lo dah reiin duh aiin kan lo ngaihthah rei deuh va, kan tlai tep tawh a ni e. Keini'n kan humhalh loh chuan tu tehlulin nge min lo humhalh sak chuang ang le?

Ramsa khawi hi

             Ramsa khawi hi mi tam takin nuam an ti a, a duat pawh an duat narawh e. An eitur te an zawn sak a, an neih ang ang an eitir ve thin. Bawm mawi tak an siam sak a, chumi chhungah chuan an khung thin. Tihian ka ngaihtuah thin a. Mi tute emaw hian kan ram, kan khua, kan in atangin min rubo ta se, ram hla takah, mihring chen ngai miah lohna hmunah min hruai ta se, in chhungah min kalh hnan ta se emaw, ka tlanbo loh nan min thlung ta se. Duat takin min enkawl se, eitur tha tha min pe ta bawk se. Nuam ka ti chuang miah lovang. Ka lung a leng em em ang a, kan ram, kan khua, kan in te, leh ka chhungte ka ngai ngawih ngawih ang a, biak lum-lam tur thian emaw mihring hrim hrim emaw ka mamawh ngawih ngawih ang. Ka lung a lengin ka khua a har ngawih ngawih ang a, lungleng reng rengin ka nitin nun ka hman ka ring. Hetiang tho hi a ni, ramsa te chan hi. Na tuar thei, lungngai thei, lungleng thei, kawppui mamawh a, zalen tak nun mamawhtu ve tho an ni.

            Ramsa te hi duata hmangaih nachang hria kan pung zel a, kan la pung tulh tulh dawn ni te pawhin a lang. Mahse, khawpui lamah a ni deuh zel thung. Ramsa te leh mihringte interaction awm tak takna hmun erawh thingtlang lamah a ni si. Thereng thinga fu mai mai man ching an la awm a, sava bu lak ching kan la tam a, zak miah lova silai pu chunga sapela chhuak te pawh an la tam. Inzirtir hi kan la mamawh hle a ni. Kan naupan laiin miin tuaingawt ke an ulh bung a, hruiin an thlung a, an chaih ka hmu fo thin. Hei zet hi chu aw.... 

           Nungchate hi kan hmangaih a, kan lainat a, kan humhalh duh anih chuan an chenna hmunah ngei ni rawh se. An chenna ramngaw ah, an chite zingah ngei hian an nun a hlim ber a, an zalen ber bawk a, nuam an ti ber bawk ngei ang. Ramsa thenkhat an chenna hmuna zalen taka an awm laiin kan man a, an chenna hmun atangin hmun hla takah kan la bo va. Inti duat takin chaw kan pe a, kan lung a awi ve em em thin. A pain a nu an ngai ang a, a nuin a pa an ngai ang a, a notein a pui an ngai em em thin bawk ang. Lak bo an nih hian, an khua a har ngawih ngawih dawn a ni tih hi kan hre phak miah lo emaw ni chu aw ka ti thin.

            Hman deuhva boral ta, kawlhawk Zika pawh kha, a chenna hmun atanga hla takah a khawsa a, a tlei berna hmun ramhnuaia thingkungte kha a ngai ve thin khawpin ka ring. A khawharna leh a lunglenna erawh a sawi chhuak thiam hauh dawn si lo. Khaw ropui taka khawhar taka chen ai chuan, a chipui, a hmangaihte nena bahra laih pawh a duh zawk fe ka ring. A han hawi kual ang a, in hlir, in hlir hmuh tur a awm a. A minung thian neih chhun chu mihringte chauh an ni dawn si. Khawhar taka thlawh kual mai mai loh chu tihtur dang reng reng a nei lo. A thian leh a chipuite kiangah chuan awm sela, a thiante nen hla tak takah an thlawk thin ang a, van boruak sang takah thlawkin an hram ang a, an duh hunah thingzarah fuin chaw an ei ang. Chung zawng zawng lak atang chuan lak bovin a awm a, khawhar takin a nun a hmang ta anih kha. Khawpui chhungah a thlawk kual a, mite thilpek hrang hrang hmangin a pum a hnawh puar a, mite tana hmuhnawm a ni a, ani tan erawh hmunkhawhar a ni thung. A kawppui tur emaw, a thian tur emaw, ama chipuite kiangah emaw chuan dah ni ta se, a khua a har lo tawp ang le. Mahni chanah ka han indah chhinin ka khawngaih lo thei lo. Engah nge ramngaw ah, reserved areas, Sanctuary ah emaw National Parks ah emaw an chhuah zalen mai loh le. Zika kha an hmangaih tak tak anih chuan ama chipuite kianga dah dan an ngaihtuah ngei ngei turah ka ngai ve tlat.

           Chhungkaw pakhat pawhin vaki an khawi thin a, bawm chhungah an khung a, dithlifarfem hnuaiah, ruahin a theh theih si lohna hmunah an khai thin. Sava dang hram ri a hre thei a, chawngzawng te zalen taka an thlawk te pawh a hmu thin ang. A bawm atangin thingkung a lang thei reng a, han thlawh a, thingzara han pakai vel a chak khawpin ka ring. A thlawh theih nan thla a nei a, mahse atan erawh thlawh ve ngaihna reng reng a awm lo. Lungleng takin a hram thin a, a lunglen zia leh thian a mamawh zia erawh a enkawltu te'n an hre si lo.  

             Hmanni ah pawh, kan thian pakhatin mi savawm khawi a hmuh thu a sawi a. A fin zia te, tumah tihnat a tum loh zia te, an inbulah an tlat tir ve mai thute a sawi a, mahse hruiin an thlung tlat a ni awm e. Eng atan nge chu savawm chu an khawi le? Intihlar nan nge, inlak maksak nan nge, mi neih loh ang neitu nih chak vang nge, hriatthiam a har ka ti. He savawm hian man hial tawka, a dam chhunga a chipuite hmel hmu thei lo tura dahhran hmaka awm a, hruia thlun reng hial tawk tur khawpin eng thil sual fakau nge maw a tih reng reng le??? Ramsa te hian sawi chhuak ve thiam lo mahse, an lung a leng vein an khua a har thei asin maw le.

              Ramsa te hi kan hmangaiha kan lainat takzet anih a, kan humhalh duh anih chuan thir bawm chhungah ni lovin anmahni chenna hmun ramngaw ah, an thian te, an chipuite, an ramsa puite chenna hmunah, zalen taka an hram a, zalen taka chaw an zawn a, an thlawha, an vah vel theihna hmunah ngei humhalh hi a thain a tul khawp mai. 

Tuikep

        
             Ka nau zin haw in tuikep a lo lei haw teuh mai a. Blog update nan a thlalak ka'n dah chhuak ve hrim hrim ang e.

Ka nauvin a siam a, tuiso ah thlakin a tihlum phawt a, chumi hnuah keu phelin a chhunga a sa a la chhuak.. A kawr hi chu a sak a, chhum hmin ngawt chi a ni lo a ni awm e.

Tuikep hi

             Tuikep hi, a Hebrai tawng te, a Greek tawng tein hre ve kilh kelh lo mah ila, sap ho chuan freshwater mussel an ti a; freshwater mussels rau rau ah kan rama tuikep bik ho hi painter's mussel an ti a. A scientific name chu Unio pictorum a ni bawk. Keini'n "tuikep" kan tih laiin Chakma ho chuan "Shilawn" an ti ve thung. 

             Tuikep hi lui chhuat lei leh chirh ah te an cheng a, tin lung kehkak karah te pawh an cheng thin bawk. Tui tithianghlimtu tangkai tak an ni. Tuia bawlhhlawh te hi an lo ei ve thin a, hei vang hi a ni mahna, a sa hi a ngap deuh lek lek thin. Tui tithianghlimtu tangkai tak an ni a, bawlhhlawh leh water pollutants tam tak an ei a, chungte chu an taksa ah an dahtha fo thin niin mithiamte chuan an sawi. A hel (hmin lo) phei chuan ei miah loh a tha. Kan ram lui tui thianghlim taka awm te hi chu a sa pawh a thianghlim turah ka ngai a, tui bawlhhlawh leh tenawma cheng an nih chuan ei loh mai a that ka ring. 

            Kan naupan lai chuan, luia kan chen apiangin tuikep man tumin kan liluh vang vang thin. Kan tuikep mansa te hi kan hawn ngai lem lova, hmeichhiain an duh anih chuan kan pe a, an duh lem loh chuan tuiah kan vawm lut leh mai thin. Lung kehkak kar leh lung kaw zimtea cheng thin thin tuikep te hi, an tet lai chuan lak an awl a, an thanlen hnu hi chuan lak chhuah an harsa thei ania aw.

           Tuikep sa ah hian taksa siamtu ber protein a tam hle a. A sa hi a rim a tui ru riau va, hmui taka kan phei chuan ei a chakawm thei hle. A sa hi a khal telh a, mi'n tui an tih viau laiin kei chuan tui ka ti ve lem lo. Tuikep sa ah hian cancer cell tihlum thei a awm niin mithiam te'n an sawi a. Tak tak ni maw.......

Thing phun dawna hriat tur pawimawh te

(Thingphun chungchang hi nakinah, fur hunah ka ziak ang chu ka ti deuh hlek na a, hei, fur ruahtui a rawn hnaih ta viau mai si a, hmanhmawh takin ka han ziak pawp pawp anih hi).


             Rei lo teah thal khawlum a kiang ang a, ruahtui a lo tla leh mai ang a. Fur a nih meuh chuan ruaibut tak leh chawpchilh takin thing kan phun leh chur chur dawn a. Thahnemngai takin thingphun tur kan la leh chur chur ang a, hmun tha lai emaw, hmun chep lai emaw sawi lovin, a rem lai laiah kan phun leh hmiah hmiah mai dawn a ni. Department lamin tan an la nasa thei bawk a, a phun tur lam pang hi chu a lungngaihthlak loh thin khawp mai. Mahse, khawpui chhunga phun atana thing lianpui pui an kui tiak ve ngawt thin hi chu sim a tha khawp mai. Thing lian chi ai chuan hmun hnawk lo, mawi bawk si kan thlan thiam a tul khawp mai. Thing hi phun satliah ngawt a ni lo, a hma atanga ruahmanna felfai tak nen uluk taka lo duan lawk a, chumi hnua phun chauh chi a ni.


Khawpui cheimawi nana thing phun 

           Kan tih nek nek chhungin fur hmahruai a lo haw tan mai dawn. A hma atanga uluk taka a phunna tur lo ruahman leh lo thlir lawk te, nakinah a hnawk dawn em, tih thlenga lo en lawk kan nei leh miah lovang. A hma atanga a phunna tur lo buatsaih lawk awm miah lovin thingtiak kan phun satliah leh tawp ang a, kan thing phun te chu an nung chang chang ang a. Enkawl zui an nih loh phei chuan a kum lehah an thi leh nghal mai dawn a ni. 

             Khawpui ti mawi tu atana thing phun (urban forestry) hi uluk taka duan lawk a tul hle. Rem leh rem lohvah kan han phun thawr mai thin te, thing lian pui pui la ni thei mai tur, khawpui chhunga kan phun thin te hi sim a hun. Khawpui cheimawitu tur kan phun dawn anih chuan, a lo thanlen huna a awm dan tur mitthla lawk ngei tur a ni a. A kung lianpuia thang chhuak thei tur anih chuan, nakinah a la hnawk dawn. A kung lian lutuk lo, mawi taka par thei emaw, a kung pianhmang mawi tak a ni tur a ni. Anih loh vek leh, naupang thenkhat tana ei tur pe thei, rah nei, thei tui tak a ni tur a ni.

           A par chi hian khawpui a chei mawi a, heng bottle brush tree ang te hi an hnawksak lova, an par deuh reng thin bawk. A par lo chi ah chuan Ashok tree hi a tha leh a. Tin, neem thing te pawh hi phun atan a tha hle, a kung a lian lutuk lova, a hnah tla a hnawksak tham lova, damdawi atan hman tangkai a lo ni lehzel bawk nen. A rah ei theih, phun nun awlsam si, kung lian lo leh hnawksak bawk si lo, rah hma si ah chuan Mulberry tree hi a tha bawk.




 
Thing phun tura lei sawi sak hun:

            Fura thing phun tur hian furah lei sawisak a nih chuan a tlai mah mah tawh thin. Thal lai ngeiin a phunna tur lo ruahman lawk a, khur lo laih lawk vek te, khurah leitha lo hnawh lawk vek te hi duhthusam a ni.

           Thing phun ka uar a, kan phun nung a, a enkawl zui lamah tan kan la leh si lova, awmzia a nei lo thin. Khawpui hmun chep tak karah rem leh rem lovin thing phun kan tum a, a lo len huna a hnawk theih dan tur kan hisap miah lo thin. A lo thang lian a, hnawksak kan ti leh tho thin si. Veng chhungah hian thing phun puirlin theihna tur hmun awl kan ngah lo hle thin a. Kan phun puitlin theih ngeina tur hmun uluk takin thlang ila. Chumi hmun uluk taka kan thlan chhuah zat lek chauh chu thing phun tum tur a ni.

          A hmun tur thlan fel a nih hnuah, uluk takin khur laih ni se. Khur chhung atangin lung zawng zawng paih chhuah vek ni se. Khurah chuan bawngek khawro leh hnim hnah ro emaw tawih tawh emaw leh lei inchawhpawlh hmangin khur chu, vum thur khawpin hnawh nise.

           Fur ruahtui tlak hma chuan nisensa in lo hem ve rih mai mai sela. Fur ruahtui a tlak tantirh lamah bawngek leitha dah belh leh nise. Fur thingphun hun anih hunah chu khur ah chuan uluk takin phun tur a ni.


Phun tur thingtiak thlan chung chang:

           Thingtiak hi polypot a kui tiah ni thei ngei se. Thingtiak zingah chuan a kung ria leh sang ir er ai chuan, a bul vawng tha deuh, nghet tlet tlawt thlan thin ni ta se. A kung fere lutuk leh sin lutuk hian duhthu a sam lo fo.


Phun dan tur:

           Khur laihsa ah chuan NPK chawh pawlh sa gram 250 bawr vel, a pawnlang lamah chawhpawlh ni se, tichuan tlem hai khuar tur. Polypot sarang dim takin zai keh a, a lei leh thing zung ti che miah lovin dim takin sarang chu chu paih vek ni se. Hai khuar laiah chuan dim tein a lei chawpin phun tur a ni. Kan phun lai hian a zung hi kan uluk hle tur a ni a, a zungte hian hnuailam an hawi ngei tur a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan uluk taka chhilh leh mai tur a ni. Thingtiak kan phun lai hian, kan phunna lai tur hi tlemte talin, bawngtuthlawh ha hnih emaw vel tal hian cheh zawl deuh ni thei se, nakinah enkawl a tinuam ang.

           Kan thingphun reng reng, kan phun zawh hnu hian thliin a chhem che sek thei anih chuan, thing zung kha a nghet thei dawn lova, a chet a chet phei chuan a zung te an thi mai dawn a ni; chuvangin a bula hmawlh vih phun emaw, hmawlh pathuma dokalh emaw a tha hle.


Phun hnua enkawl zui a pawimawh

             Thing hi kan phun nasa mawlh mawlh hle a. Kan phun nasat ngaihtuahin eng ruai kan ang lo hle. Kan khawpui dai lam nise, a ro tual tual emaw tih mai tur a ni bawk si. Kum khata phun ngheng ai chuan, enkawl puitlin theih ngei tur tlem rem rawm phun mai hi a hahdamthlak zawk a, a hlawhtling duh zawk bawk. Phun lai hi chuan kan phur tlang a, thahnem kan ngai thei hle bawk. A hnulama enkawl zui erawh kan peih lo tlang hle thinin ka hria. A phunna bulhnaia cheng ho khan lo enkawlin lo veng chhunzawm mai tura ngen nise, a tihchi phianin ka ring.

            Eng thlai pawh hian chawtha an mamawh vek a. Season khatah vawikhat tal zel chawtha kan pek theih chuan, kan thingphun chu nakinah a la thang tha hle dawn a ni. A leilung uluk taka sawisak anih vangin tha takin zung a kaih dawn a. Chawtha chawm anih chuan a thang tha hle tura ngaih a ni. Thingtiak ho hian tui pek reng an mamawh lem lova. Thal khawro lai chuan chawlhkar khatah vawihnih tal, tlaiah hneh taka tui leih chuan a tawk viau ang.


Thingphun bul lei sawisak

           Thing hian lei atangin tui a hip a, tui a hip rualin leia chawtha inchiah zawp te kha a hip thin. Leia tui lut tur chuan thingkung bul hnai hi a char khawro lutuk tur a ni lova, lei pangai a awm chuan a tawk viau. Cement hmanga char bur te hi a tha ber lem lo. Kan thingphunte bul a khawro lutuk loh nan hnim hnah emaw lo dah tawih thin hi a tha khawp mai. A khawro lutuk anih chuan a kung bul lei cheh phut a, bawngek leitha emaw, compost emaw nen chawlpawlh a tha bawk. Chumi hnuah hneh taka tui leiha hnim hnah hmanga khuh a tha. Chu chuan thingkung bul sa lutuk tur a veng ang a, lei a hnawng rei ang a, hnim an tawih hnuah leitha supply tu tha tak a ni dawn bawk a ni.

Pruning

           Kan thing phunte an lo thang lian ta a, khawpui cheimawi nana kan phun anih miau avang leh, hmun chep tak kara phun thin kan nih avangin, lianpui puia thang sang luah tur te, zar chhuah duai duai tur lak atang tea veng turin, a zik chhak emaw, a zar hnuai lam sah thlak te hmanga enkawl an ngai thin. A mawi thei tur ang ber leh hnawk lo thei tur ang bera enkawl kha a pawimawh lai tak chu a ni awm e. Khawpui chhunga thing phun te hi, thing lianpui puia thang lian tura beisei loh tur a ni a. Chu ai chuan, khawpui chei mawi thei tur ang ber kha ngaihtuah tur a ni. Thingzar sahthlak leh hlawi (pruning) hi thingin a tuar lova, a thih phah lova, a buk dan tawk te, a san dan tawk te a control theih thin zawk.

           Thingkung san zawng pawh hi, insan hleih nuai lova, a san dan leh a buk dan inrual tlang deuh hleka cut thin tur a ni. Chu chuan khawpui kawngpui sir emaw a cheimawi ngei ngei ang.Thingtang leh zar kan hlawi te kha paih bo mai lovin, sat te deuh ila, thingkung bulah uluk takin dah thlap ila; chung hnah leh thingtang te chu an lo tawih ang a, leitha an siam ang a, chung leitha te chu kan thingphun te'n chaw atan an ring zui mai dawn a ni.


 A tawp kharna

              A tawp kharna tana ka sawi leh duh chu, kan ram thing leh maute, dim baksak lovin kan suasam a, kan ram rohlute hi nasatakin kan eichhe tawh a; a siamthat hna thawk turin thiahnemngai takin thing kan phun thin; a ropui khawp mai. Environment humhalh duhna te, siamthat duhna te kan nei hi a lawmawm hle a ni. Kan khawpui chep takl karah thing kan phun dawn anih chuan uluk taka ruahman lawk hi a tul khawin ka hria. Sawi leh sawi hnu, kum khata phun ngheng ai chuan kan enkawl puitlin theih tawk chiah, tui leh leitha hmanga kan chawm zawh tawk chiah hi vengtin hian phun thin ila, kan thingphun te an puitling ngei ngei zawkin a rinawm.

Sapthei (Passion fruit)

             Leh hluai mai a. Miin an blog ah thuziak tha tak tak an dah laiin kei ve chuan thlai leh thei chanchin mai mai bak chu ziak tur ka hre ve thlawt lo anih hi. Hman deuh khan Pu Khumchiktheia'n sapthei chanchin ziak turin thurawn min pe a, a thu zawmin ka han ziak ve hlek anih hi.          

           Duhlian tawnga Sapthei kan tih mai hi sap ho chuan Passion fruit an ti teh daih a, tin, scientific name atan Passiflora edulis an ti bawk. Sapthei chikhat, te tek te te, hnim zam anga zam ve mai thin hi a awm a. chutiang chu kan naupan laiin ramah leh dai hnaiah kan hmu a, kan lawh a, kanei thin. A rah a te hle a, a hmin chu a thlum tui ve em em thin. Hetiang sapthei chikhat hian hming dang a neih leh neih loh kan hre lo na a, sapthei a an em avangin a hmingah sapthei te chi kan ti mai thin a, a scientific name chu Passiflora foetida a ni awm e.

          Sapthei hi phai khawlum lutukah chuan a tha thei lo emaw ni chu aw, ka ti deuh va. Mizoram chhung theuh theuh ni si, Chawngteah khan a puitling thei lo reng reng a, chutih laiin Lungleiah chuan enkawl uluk vak pawh ngai lovin a tha duah hluah hluah leh thei lawi si. Phai khawlum huam huam ai chuan tlangram hmun thengthaw leh zo deuh hlek a ngeih niawm tak a ni.

Sapthei chin dan

          Sapthei hi thei chin nuam leh awlsam tak a ni a, a chi kui tiah sa hi furah phun ila, a nung tha duh em em thin. Tin, a chi ro hi tuiah rei vak lo chiah ila, chumi hnuah lei hnawngah pil chang changin nem phum ila, a rawn tiak mai.


          Eng thei pawh hi ching dawn ila, kan phunna tur leilung uluk taka lo buatsaih lawk hi tih theih hram chuan tih tum tur a ni. Lei a that na na na chuan eng thei pawh hi phun ila, a thang zawt zawt mai thin. Sapthei pawh hi, leichara phun satliah ngawt ai chuan, kan phunna tur hmunah khur lai ila, khur chu bawngek tawih tawh, compost leh lei chawhpawlh hmanga khur chu vur khah leh mai tur a ni. Khurah hian thlai chaw mamawh lian tham Nitrogen, Potassium leh Phosphorus (NPK) pawlh tel thei hram ila duhthusam a ni ngei ang. Chu khur hnawh khah sa ah chuan sapthei chi kha tih tiah mai tur a ni. Anih loh pawhin chu khurah chuan sapthei kui tiahsa phun mai tur.

           Sapthei rawn thang chho chuan rei vak lovah zamna tur a mamawh nghal mai a. A zamna tur siam sak chuan thla reilo teah a zam buk luai thei.

Enkawl zui

           Eng thlai pawh, thing pawh, thei pawh ni se, chin ve mai emaw phun ve mai emaw hi a harsa lem lo; a enkawl zui tak hi a harsa lai tak chu a ni thin. Sapthei chin hi rin aiin hna a tam ka ring a. Ka pu te khan sapthei chin an tum a, a tiak sang chuang an phun a. mahse phun nun ai mahin a zamna siam a lo hautak zawk si a, an pamtul leh ta anih kha. A zamna siam hi , kung li kung nga vel lekah chuan a hautak tham lo mai thei a, mahse mahni huan khat hmawka a zamna siam chu a hautak khawp ang le. Mahse, a zamna siam tawh chuan, a hnuaiah hnim leh thlai dang an to tha thei tawh lova, enkawl zui erawh a hahdam phianin ka ring.

Taksa tana chawtha a pai te

          Sapthei hian taksa tan chawtha a pai hnem ve viau a. Nitina chawtha kan mamawh zat recommended (RDA) pawh a % a sang hlawm khawp mai.

Taksa tana chawtha, sapthei gram 100 (a pil chhah tel lovin) ina a pai zat an chhut chhuah chu:

Nutrient               Nutrient Value     Percentage of RDA
Energy                      97 Kcal                   5%
Carbohydrates         23.38 g                   18%
Protein                      2.20 g                     4%
Total Fat                   0.70 g                     3%
Cholesterol                0 mg                      0%
Dietary Fiber            10.40 g                  27%

Vitamins        
Folates                       14 mcg                  3%
Niacin                         1.500 mg              9%
Pyridoxine                  0.100 mg              8%
Riboflavin                   0.130 mg            10%
Thiamin                       0.00 mg              0%
Vitamin A                 1274 IU               43%
Vitamin C                    30 mg                50%
Vitamin E                   0.02 mcg            <1%
Vitamin K                   0.7 mg              0.5%

Minerals  
Potassium                   348 mg               7%     
Calcium                        12 mg              1.2%
Copper                        0.086 mg          9.5%
Iron                             1.60 mg            20%
Magnesium                29 mg                 7%
Phosphorus                68 mg               10%
Selenium                    0.6 mcg              1%
Zinc                           0.10 mcg            1%

Phyto-chemicals thenkhat       
Carotene-ß               743 mcg             --
Crypto-xanthin-ß         41 mcg             --

Source: http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/passion-fruit.html

           Sapthei ah hian compound chi khat histamine tihniam thei a awm a,chuvang chuan antihistamine tha tak a ni ve thei tho mai. Sapthei mu hi kan ei ngai vak lovin ka hria a, mut hmaa ei hian mut a titui duh niin an sawi bawk. Niacin khi vitamin B3 a nia, chu chuan taksaa cholesterol level a tihniam thei a, thisen sang nei leh zunthlum nei tan thei tha tak a ni.

           Sapthei kawr ah hian flavonoides a tam a, chu chu ruh natna osteoarthritis tan a tha a ni an tih leh tlat bawk chu maw le. Helam hi chu Pu Khumchiktheia te huang chhung a ni ta.

           Taksaa free radicals lo insiam thin te hian DNA leh cell membrane an tichhe thin a, chu chuan cell a tihlum thei thin. Free radicals hlauhawm tak tak te taksa atanga tibo theitu chu antioxidants te hi an ni a. Ziak hmasa zawkah vitamin C, vitamin E leh Carotene-ß  te hi antioxidants tha tak an ni kan tih tawh kha. Carotene-ß  leh vitamin C te hi sapthei ah an tam hle a. Antioxidants ho hian cancer cells insiam tur lakah taksa nasa takin a venghim thei nia ngaih a ni bawk.

           Thlai taksa chhunga nutrient elements ni lo chemical compounds dang awm ve thin te hi phytochemicals an ti a. Sapthei rah ah tak hi chuan phytochemicals a tam vak lova, a hnah, a zung leh a par ah te hian chemicals a tam em em a, a then te hi an tangkai laiin, thenkhat chu an thalo lam mah mah zawk.

           Laboratory a an test naah chuan sapthei rah tuisar hian cancer cell a that thei tih an finfiah bawk. See http://www.phytochemicals.info/research/passion-fruit-phytochemicals.php Heta cancer cell that tu ber hi carotenoids leh polyphenols ani tih an hmuchhuak bawk.

           Tunhmain South America rama cheng hmasa te chuan sapthei hi sedatives atan, mut tichhuaktu atan an lo hmang tawh thin a. Sapthei rah ah hian sedative chemical contents a sang vak lova, a hnah leh a zungah hi chuan a tam hle ani tih finfiah a ni bawk. Heng chemicals harman, harmaline, harmalol, harmine leh harmol te hi an awm.


Sapthei hnah

           Sapthei hnah hi a kan in a tui a, buh nena baiin a tui a, sachek nena siam phei chuan a tui khawp mai. Dangpuithu emaw nghapih emaw, tlemte nen, hmarcha nen kan kang thin a, a tui khawp mai.

Kan sapthei ve tak kha aw

           Sapthei hi kan kawtah ka ching ve e ka tia, a zam dum dum a, a rah pawh ka fa te'n an ei ve nual. Iskut anga a kung chhawka rawn chawr leh mai tur emaw ka tia, a kungpui sei deuhva zuahin favangah ka chhawk ngawt mai a, beisei loh takin a thi daih. Ka ui ngei mai. Kan sapthei hnah hi kan chawhmeh zing tawh asin maw le.... ka fimkhur loh leh dawn tawi luat vangin ka fate hrilh a hai dawn ta anih hi. A kungpui thi tawh mahse vanneihthlak takin a tiak tharlam a awm hlauh mai a, ka fa te'n eitur an neih theih nan uluk taka ka enkawlsak a ngai dawn anih hi.

Pawisa.... oooh money

      
             Pawisa ka nei lova, pawisak erawh ka nei. Eng ni lo mah ila, pawisa hi han nei im em ila, pa neinung kan ni mai dawn a lo ni. Mihausa tia an sawi thin te pawh hi, pawisa an ngah vang mai maia hausa alawm an lo nih le. Pawisa zet hi zawng a lo hlu a ni, lei theih loh a hleih pawh hi a lo awm lo. Hmangaihna thleng hian a lei theih tawh a ni lo maw ka ti rum rum fo thin. Dam khawchhuah nan pawisa a ngai a, mamawh phuhruk nan pawisa a ngai a, Pathian bawmah lehzel pawh pawisa lo chu chhun luh a rem tak tak lo. Nunna tih loh hi chu pawisa hmanga lei theih loh a tlem khawpin ka hria. Pawisa kan neih theih nan rim takin hna kan thawk thin a. Pawisa hi kan ngaihlu a, kan duh hleuh hleuh hle bawk. Mahni thawh hlawh ni miah lo, mi chanai tur lehzel pawh kan rut hmiah hmiah fo thin. Heti tak hian pawisa hi hlu mahse, a tenawm hle lawi si. I han hmuchhuak dawn teh ang.



Microorganisms chungchang tlem          

             Pawisa chungchang sawi hmain microorganisms chungchang sawi phawt ang. Microorganisms, a bikin bacteria leh fungi te hi boruak, lei leh tuiah an awm thin a. Khawilaiah pawh hian an awm emaw tih mai tur a ni. Bacterial cell leh fungal cell te hian anmahni tuamtu tur kawr chhah tak, pangang cocoon ang mai hi, an insiam a. A insiam lai hi sporulation an ti. Chutia kawr chhah tha tak an insiam hnu chuan dormant phase angin an awm a, sik leh sa, nisa, ruahsur, khawlum, khawro leh khawvawtin a hmet hlum lo. Thli a lo thaw a, boruakah an leng nuai nuai a, kan hiplut a, kan thaw chhuak leh a, kan ei tel a, kan in tel thin bawk. Kan vunah tam tak an bet a, kan thawmhnaw ah thahnem tham tak an kai tuarh bawk. Boruak, tuiah leh leiah an awm miau avangin microorganisms te awm lohna tak tak pawh hi a lo awm meuh awm lo ve.

            Heng microbial spores te hi an to theihna tur hmun tha leh chawtha awmna apiangah an tiak (germinate) a, an inthlah pun chak em vangin reilote ah microbial colony an siam leh mai thin. Chu microbial colony chu beitu leh tichhetu an awm loh chuan a pung chak em em thin. 

            Heng microbial spores tam tak zingah hian natna min thlen theitu (pathogens) tam tak an awm a. Chungte chu kan vunah te, kan hnarah te, kan mitah te an kai a. Tin, kan ka atangin an lut thin bawk. Kan taksa hian defensive mehanism hi a nei tha em mai a, physical barriers, chemical barriers, cellular barriers leh immune system te avang hian natna hrik lakah kan him thei mai mai chauh a lo ni a. Taksain natna hrik a lo beihlet hian a chang chuan taksaah nasatakin a lang chhuak thin a. WBC hian a chang chuan chemical chikhat pyrogens a siam chhuak thin a, chu chuan nasatakin taksa temperature a tisang a, khua a lo sik ta hluah thin. Lymphocytes te paw'n a chang chuan taksaa foreign bodies lo lut lo beilet turin chemical chikhat histamine a siam chhuak chiam a, chumi avang chuan allergy kan lo nei ta thin bawk.

Pawisa

           Pawisa hi a hlut em em rualin a tenawm em em bawk. Pawisa hi mi hrang hrang kutah a lut hin a. Mi chi hrang hrangin an khawih a, an ipteah an dah a, wallet ah te, purse ah te an khung a. Kutfai leh thianghlim kherin kan khawih ngailo va,a tul hunah chuan kut bal chung pawhin kan khawih hmiah hmiah thin. Phar pa kutah pawisa a lut a, AIDS vei kutah a lut a, T.B. vei pawhin an kawl ve tho va, STD vei ho kutah pawisa a lut a, chung pawisa te chu keinin kan lo hum ve leh a. Nu pakhat hritlangin a kutin a hnap a hnit a, a hnar a kawm a, a pawt fan duar duar a, chu kut vek chuan pawisa a hum zawm nghal mai a. Pawisa hian a lo thleng kil khawr thei khawp mai a. Damlo na tak tak, damdawiina awm mek te kutah a lut a, mihausa ber kut atangin mirethei ber hnen a thleng bawk. Natna hrik thehdarh na hmanraw tha tak pakhat chu pawisa hi a ni thei ngei ang.

            "Pawisa kan khawih bawrh bawrh a, kan kut kan liak a, natna kan kai lo," kan ti a ni maithei. Natna hrik sang tam tak hian engtik lai pawhin min bei reng a, mahse kan taksaa defence mechanism ropui lutuk hian a lo tihlum zel a, a tihhlum bang tlemte te kha zawi zawiin an inthlah pung a, an inbun nghet a, an inbun ngheh chhung rei lam (incubation period) erawh a inang lo; a tawpah natna kan vei chauh thin. Pawisa hi natna hrik thehdarhtu a ni a, pawisa atang hian rin loh leh beisei loh takin natna kan kai thei bawk.


             Kuta kan thil khawih atangin bateria tam tak kutah an kai thin a, kuta bacteria te chu pawisa ah an kai hhawng ve leh a. Thenkhatin an hnute karah pawisa an zep a, kap kara zep lut duh mai pawh an awm tho va, thenkhatin an hmui leh hnar bulah an lek a. Midangin pawisa an hum veleh, pawisaa bacteria awm te kha, midang kutah an kaichhawng veleh a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB hrik) te, Escherichia coli te, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus te leh bacteria chidang tam tak pawisa ah hian hmuh thin a ni. Heng pathogenic bacteria an hmuh ho te hi antibiotic resistant an ni e an tih hlawm chu. Pawisa hi resistant variety pathogens (damdawi haw ve tawh lo natna hrik) theh darhtu pawimawh tak an ni tihna a nih deuh ber mai chu.


            Kut hi chaw ei dawn ah kan sil leuh leuh va, kan duhtawk viau zel a. Kut hi thil chi hrang hrang kan khawihna a ni a, kan thil khawih atangin kan kutah microbe chi hrang hrang a kai teuh thin. Kut hi zia nei a ni a, fai taka sil nia kan inhriat pawh hian kutzia karah te, tin karah te hian bacteria tam tak an la awm thei tho mai. Kut ah microorganisms awm lo thei tur chuan fai taka sil hnuah distilled water in tleuh leh ila, chumi hnuah 75% alcohol  (or above) hmangin sil leh ila....chutiangah chauh chuan microbes a tello thei ang. Chu pawh chu ni ta tehreng se la, rang takin boruak atangin microbial spores te kan kutah an rawn tla leh  nghal tho tho ang.  Kut fai mang hlei lovin pawisa tawp tak tak kan hum a, kut sil chuang lem lovin thil kan ei zui nghal bawrh bawrh a, kuhva eitur kan siam a, kan ei hmiah hmiah a, chu kut hmang vek chuan kan inchibai bawrh bawrh a, a pawi lem lo chu a ni phawt mai ang a....... Kutin pawisa kan khawih a, kha pawisaa pathogenic bacteria awm te kha kan kutah an kai thei ani tih hriat reng erawh a harsa khawp mai.


            Pawisa hi chu pawisa nge nge a lo ni. A neitu bik pawh kan lo awm tak tak lo anih hi. Mihausa kutah pawisa a vaibelchhe tel telin a lut a, a mai maiin a chhuak leh tawh ngai lova. Mirethei kut atang erawh, a thawhchhuah ang ang, rang takin a chhuak ral nghal zel thin. Pawisa hi chu pawisa a ni miau va, tenawmin natna hrik eng anga tam pawh awm se, mit lawngin a hmuh theih chuang lova, a tenawm loh tihna a ni thei mai lawm ni? Natna hrik eng anga tam pawh awm se, pawisa a nihna a bang chuang lova, a hlutna a kiam chuang hek lo.

Sumdawn nan kan rohlu te

(Hetiang lam pang hi ka ziak tam ta, thenkhat tan chuan ninawm a tling thei hial mai awm mang e)              

               Kan chhehvela cheng ve nungcha, thing leh mau, ramsa chi hrang hrang te hi nunna nei an ni a. Kan tan an tangkai em em a, kan nitin mamawh nasatakin min phuhruk thin. Kan pi leh pu te'n Mizoram an luah hma daih tawh atang khan he ram hi an lo luah tawh a, he ramah hian zalen leh nuam takin an lo cheng tawh thin. Keini kan chen ve hnu hian zawi zawiin an chep tial tial a. Kan duh dan ang angin kan suasam a, ngaw kan thiat a, kan hal a, ramsa ni se dimna leh renna tel hauh lovin kan that hmiah hmiah thin.

                Kan mamawh tawk chiah chiah kan lak a, kan thah hian an population a tihniam lutuk lova, mahse sumdawn nana kan hman chin ah chiah hian an population a kiam duak duak anih hi. Mihring duhamna hian chin tawk a nei lova. A hausakna tur leh sum a lakluhna tur anih phawt chuan engmah pawisak a nei thin lo. Sawi tawh thin angin kan ram hi leilung hausakna lamah a pachhe hle a, chutih laiin renewable resources lamah a hausain bioderversity lamah a hausa em em a. Mahse he biodiversity, renewable resources hi, dimna leh renchemna tel hauh lova sawisak anih chuan he kan ram atang hian kumkhua atana kir leh tawh lo turin kan tihlum vek dawn a lo ni.


              Nungchate suat raltu pawimawh leh bulpui ber mai chu sumdawnna atana ramsa te, thing leh maute kan hmang thin hi a ni. Sumdawnna atana kan hman avanga population ina atawrh te hi an tam hle a, ziak chiam pawh a chakawm hle na a, a sei lutuk loh nan tlemte chauh ka han ziak lang ang e:

Sangha man

               Kan ram luite ah leh lui ah te hian sangha chi hrang hrang an tam hle thin a. Tunhma kha chuan mahni ei khawp te te han man mai mai kha a nih deuh mai thin vangin luiah sangha an tam thin hle. Tunah zet chuan mahni ei khawp man mai duhtawk lova zawrh tham man tum an tam tawh a. Nitina sangha man tuma chhuak pawh an tawm thin hle. Tunhma kha chuan lenden, nghakuai chiah, lenkhang zar,  ngha-awt chiah, ngawi dawh  leh ru hmanga sangha vuak te kha sangha an man dan a ni a. Khang te kha chuan sangha population a tihniam lutuk lem lo. Tunah erawh chuan bleaching powder te, chinai (limestone) hmang te, gelatine te leh electric current hmang tein sangha man an ching ta a. Hetianga sangha man hi chu hlawhtlin loh pawh a awm meuh lo. An beihna li ah chuan sangha an man kim deuh vek thin. Tur hmanga sangha hrai phei hi chuan, sangha mai ni lo, chu lia cheng nungcha zawng zawng an thi vek thin a, luimawng lam thui tak thlengin nungcha tam takin an thih phah thin.

            Generator leh thil dang hmanga nitin sangha man tura chhuak pawh ka hria. A hlawhtling thei em em bawk. Nitin hralh tham a hawn ziah thin. Mahse a kal tawhna luiah chuan sangha an tlem phah khawp ang. Hetianga hralh sumatana sangha man nasat lutuk vang hian kan ram luiah te sangha an van phah em em a. Nghafuan ven kan ching ngat phei hi chu a pawi leh zual. Veng e ti lovin a suatin kan suat a ni si a.


Ulawng, uchang, etc: 

             Bazarah han kal ila, uchang rep tam tak an zuar a, an lei sup sup thin. Uchang note, ulawng hi kan chawhmeh duhzawng leh tui kan tih em em thin pakhat a ni a. A note anih lai atangin ka rut a, nasa takin kan suat thin. A dam khawchhuak chhun uchang te pawh dimna leh renna nei lek lovin kan man a, kan that a, ka duhtawka kan ei bakah a repin bazarah kan zuar a. Ei kan intihhmuh bawk. Eng tik lai atangin nge heti em ema uchang sa hi tui kan lo tih tak em em le? Kan in ei hmuh mai mai a ni lo maw? Pawisawi lo nunna an ni a, a suata suat hi a tul lo asin maw le. Uchang rep hi ei duh loh i intihhmuh ngam teh ang u.

              Food chain awmzia leh pawimawh zia kan hre theuh a. Uchang, ukei, chungu leh utawk te chaw pawimawh tak pakhat chu thosi leh rannung tenau ho hi a ni. Ramhnuai leh dai vela thosi tam tak te hi an ei a, an chawpui ber anih vangin thla khat chung chuan an ei tam hman ngawt ang. Uchang te hi kan suat hmiah hmiah a, chutihlaiin anmahni eitu an lo awm ve tho si nen, an population hi zawi zawiin a tlahniam zel ang a, nakinah chuan kan ramah hian insects chi hrang hrang leh thosi a la tam em em dawn a ni. Natna tihbaiawm tak malaria laka min tanpuitu thian tha tak uchang te hi sumdawnna atana hmang tawh lovin a humhalh kan inzirtir a hun ta khawp mai.

Vachhuangtuar/chhuangtuar:

             Chhuangtuar hi sava mawi tak, zaidam leh ti tak mai an ni a. Leia chaw zawng chi sava an ni. Kum 20 vel kal ta ah khan chhuangtuar sa ei hian kal leh zunkawnga lungte awm a tireh/tidam thei niin thu a thang chiam mai a. Hei vang hian mi tamtakin damna duhin chhuangtuar sa an ei a. An dam em ka hre lo, an dam tak tak ka ring chhete lo. Chhuangtuar hi sava dang ang tho a ni a, A sa eia digest tawh hnu, rila a luh a, ril atanga thisena a luh hian a englai hian nge kal leh zunkawnga lungte awm chu chhu keh ta ang le? Zir chianna a awm em?

             He thuthang thalo tak leng vang hian mi tam takin chhuangtuar perh thluk leh kah thluk tumin an veh a, a zawnin an zawng a, a rampum huapin suat tumin an veh dul dul mai a ni. Pawisawi lo leh chhantu nei lo chhuangtuar te chu nasa taka suat an ni a, khami tum atang khan Mizoram chhungah chhuangtuar an tlem phah ta em em a ni.

Saphu

             Saphu hi ramsa vang tak mai a ni a, saphu vun/kawr manto taka hralh theih anih hnu phei hi chuan tupawhin saphu hmu se, pawisa menin an meng tawh a, pawisa tam tak tlan liam mai mai tur chu an phal teuh lo, thah tumin theihtawp chhuahin an bei ngei ngei dawn. Saphu, ramsa vang tak mai hi, humhalh a tul tehlul nen, sumdawnna thalo tak avangin a la thi mang mai ang tih a hlauhawm khawp mai.

Sava ve thung

     
             Sava thenkhat heng vahui, vahmim leh vaki te hi mana hralh kan ching thin hle a. Kan that chuang hleinem kan ti pawh a ni maithei. Ramsa te hian mihring kianga chen vea, thir bawm chhunga damchhung hun hman ngawt ai chuan ramhnuaiah zalen taka tlana thlawh ve theih hi an duh ngawih ngawih dawn ani tih hi hriat reng tur a ni. Keimahni ah pawh hian han inchhut ta ila, hnathawk miah lo tura jail tan ai chuan nitin hnathawk tura mahni inah, chhungte kianga awm kan thlahlel zawk awm e. Ramsa te tan hian kan duata kan enkawlna thir bawm chhung hi hremhmun ang chauh a ni.

             Sava mana zawrh kan chin thin vang hian kumtinin ramhnuai atangin sava man thin a ni a,. Sava tui nise, ei tham miah loh pawh, kan la hmiah hmiah a, thenkhat phei chuan a bu chhunga a puiin a chawm lai, a note te an la bawk a. No chawm lai ani tih kan hriat chian ngawih ngawih pawh kan vehin kan perh thla tawp tawp duh bawk. Hei hian sava nunnem tak thenkhat hi chu an population a tihhniam phah em em in a rinawm.

Anchiri

           Anchiri hi ngaw hnuaia to thin, bulbal nei thlai a ni a. A hnah leh a kuang hi chawhmeh atan an hmang thin. Chawhmeh atana a hnah leh a kuang lak hian a kung a tihlum ngai lo. Mahse tun hnaiah a bulbal a hralh theih tih hriat a ni a, a man a to em em lehnghal. Hei vang hian mi tam takin ramhnuaiah anchiri zawngin an lut a, an hmuh hmuh an vai hmiah hmiah mai. Hetiang anih chhohva, kan hmuh hmuh a bulbal nen kan kar phawng hmiah hmiah anih chuan, nakinah chuan kan ramngaw ah hian anchiri a la vang khawp ang le.

            Ram hnim mai mai tia eng huah maha kan ngaih loh anchiri pawh, mi te'n pawisa tam tak sengin an zir chiang a, a thatna an hmuchhuak a, a ram pum huapin an vai ta luai luai anih hi. An hman tangkaina pawh hre ve mah ila, business lian tham ti ve thei turin engmah tih theih kan nei tawh lo. Kan tih theih chhun chu a raw material supply chiah a ni tawh. Mi fa te'n min fin khalh vek ang a, kan rama rohlu te hi min hmuh chhuah khalh vek ang a, a tangkaina apply turin min patent khalh vek bawk ang a, chutih hunah chuan luthak lo pui kan hiat hiat tawh ang. Kan ram hi biodiversity ah a hausa a, zir chian tur a la tam em em a ni. Helamah hian sorkar pawhin chak taka ke a pen ve tan a ngai khawp mai.


Kan rama nungcha te hi

             Ramsa te hian kan lak atangin hmangaih leh lainat an hlawh ngai lova, mawi ti taka thlirtu an vang khawp ang a, chutih laiin ei chak zek zeka thlirtu kan ni deuh vek zawk awm e. Thlamuang taka chaw an ei lai te, hnim peta an tla dem dem lai te thlalakna nena veh vehtu an awm loh laiin a sachek tuihang hawp chaka veh veh peih erawh kan tam khawp mai. Kan ram, kristian ramah hian ramsa te an zalen ve ngai lova, kan ram hi ramsa te tan hlauthawng reng renga an awmna hmun a ni.

             Ramsa te hi ramhnuaia an awm mai mai pawh hian an dam khawchhuah theih nan theihtawp an chhuah thin a, anmahni tihhlum tuma veh veh reng tu ramsa dang an awm thin. Chutih laiin keini'n mihring te'n kan lo man a, kan awk a, lenin kan khuh a, kan perh a, kan kap a, turin kan lo hrai bawk thin. Mahni inveng ve thei lo ramsa nunnem tak tak te hian an dam khawchhuah ve theih nan chhantu an mamawh takzet ta. Hetia kan awm mai mai chhung hian thingtlang lamah chuan nitin ramsa leh sava te'n an nunna an chan zel. Engtik niah emaw chuan sava hram ri hriat tur awm miah lo ramngaw te, ramsa cheng awm miah lohna ramngaw te hi kan la nei dei duai ang tih pawh ahlauhawm ta khawp mai a. Thah tuma kan veh ve ngam miah loh rulngan te nena kan la chenza ho dual dual hun a la thleng palh ang tih a hlauhawm khawp mai.

Keini te ang em ema mahni ramchhung lui leh ramhnuaia cheng nungchate dimna leh renna nei lek lova suat nasa an awm ve ang em le? Keini'n kan duata kan humhalh loh chuan tu te'n nge min rawn humhalh sak ta ang le?

Vaccine leh immunity

           Vaccine tih hi kan tawng tualleng pakhat chu a ni ve tep tawhin ka hria. Natna khirh deuh leh hrileng a awm chang apianga kan hmuiphun nena inrem ve ziah thin chu "Vaccine" tih thumal hi a ni awm e. He thil hi medical lam hian an inti tatu deuh thinin ka hria a, mahse a hria te'n an ziak tha duh miau si lova, kei hian ka han ziak leh poh a ni ang chu. Medical science background nei ka nih loh vangin kei chuan microbiology leh biotechnology lam point of view atangin ka rawn ziak ve thawr anih hi.

Vaccine chu enge?

           Vaccine hi chu kan hriat theuh angin natna hrik laka kan taksa a lo him theihna tura kan taksa chhunga natna hrik thi tawh (heat killed pathogen) emaw, natna hrik sawisak chauh tawh (weakened pathogens) emaw, an taksa peng emaw an product te emaw thunluh hi, heta an thil thunluh hi Vaccine chu a ni. Helam pang hi chu mi tam zawk hriat hnua ni bawk a, a aia pawimawh sawi ang.

Immune system

           Vaccine sawi lai laia immune system han sawi daih te chu, pawh a tih theih tho na a, a inzawm mauh mai si a, sawi tel a ngai tlats. Kan immune system ah hian Cells chi hnih B cells leh T cells te an awm a. Heng Cells chi hnih tang kawp te hian natna hrik thisen leh cells a lo lut tlang te chu an beihrawn thin a, an tichhia in an tihlum thin. B cells ho hian direct in natna hrik an bei ve lova, an aiah natna hrik bei turin antibodies an siam chhuak chiam thin. Heng antibodies te hian an milpui natna hrik chiah chiah an bei thei thin.

            Mahni taksa ami nilo, pawnlam thil reng reng, natna min thlen thei emaw thlen thei lo pawh nise, foreign bodies tawh phawt chu taksa hian a ngaithei miah lova, taksa hian a bei nghal chat thin. Hetiang foreign bodies ho zawng zawng hi antigens an ti. Antigens te hi B-cells leh T- cells te hian rang takin an bei thin a ni. An inbeihna reaction pawh hi a nasa in a sang em em a, nasatakin taksa pawhin a tawrh chang a awm thin. Antibodies chikhatin an beiha theih chu antibodies dangin an bei ve thei lo.

            T-cells ho hian direct in antigens an bei thin a, B-cells erawh chuan antibodies tam tak a siam chhuak a, chumi hmang chuan a bei thin ve thung. B-cells leh T-cells te hi an pawimawh em em a, a chi hrang hrang te'n kim taka hna an thawh theuh chauhvin natna lakah kan fihlim thei thin a lo ni.

            Entirna pakhat lo sawi ta ila: T-cells te hi chi hrang hrang an awm a (killer T-cells, suppressor T-cells leh helper T-cells), chung zinga a khawi emaw ber pawh kim lo ta se, taksa tan a hlauhawmin natna a do chak thei lo reng reng thin. AIDS thlentu natna hrik HIV hian hleper T-cells a bei thin a, taksa ah helper T-cells a lo tlem tial tial thin. a Chumi avang chuan taksa in a full in natna a do zo lo tial tial thin. (Helper T-cells te hian T-cells nasa taka in thlah pung turin a tanpui a, tin, B-cells in antibodies a siam chhuah dawnah nasa takin a pui thin bawk). Immune system-a a peng pakhat te pawhin hna a thawk tha lo anih chuan taksa tan a pawi em em thin.

            B-cells ve thung chuan, taksa ah antigens an lut a ni tih signal a dawn veleh plasma cells tam tak a siam chhuak a, plasma cell pakhat hian antibodies tam tak a siam chhuak thin. Second khat chhungin antibodies molecules 2000 vel a siam thei. Taksa in antibody a siam chhuah hian, antigen bei thei tur, a milpui chiah chiah a siam thin a. Antigen hrang hrang tan antibody chi hrang hrang a siam chhuak anih chu. Taksa ah antibody awm teuh pawh nise, an milpui chiah chiah lo chu an bei thei miah lo.


Memory T-cells and antibodies

          Taksa in antigens lo lut bei tura T-cells leh B-cells tam tak a siam chhuah te chu rei lo te ah an thi boral ve leh mai a. Chung zingah chuan a damrei pawl an awm a. Chung a damrei pawl ho chuan sipaiin an ram hneh an luah ang maiin taksa ah duty in rei tak an dam thin. heng ho hi memory cells an ti a. Natna ngai chiah taksa ah a rawn lut leh vaih anih chuan rang takin an lo man chhuak chaih chaih thin. Memory cells te hi thla khat an dam chuan, natna ngai chiah lakah khan thlakhat chhung taksa a him dawn tihna a ni a, kum khat an dam chuan kum khat chhung a him dawn tihna a ni. He memory cells taksa ina asiam dan atang hian vaccine kan tih hi a lo chhuak ta a ni.

            Vaccine principle ah chuan, natna in taksa a run a, taksain natna a lo hneh anih chuan taksa ah memory cells te an insiam ang a, chung memory cells te chuan chu natna lakah chuan taksa an veng tlat tawh dawn a ni. Natna hrikte hi taksa ah natna siam thei lo turin sawisak emaw, tihhlum emaw phawt hnuah taksa ah dahlut ta ila. Taksa chhunga an luh veleh taksain antigens angin a lo hmu ang a, T-cells tam tak leh antibodies rualin an beihrawn nghal ang. Chu natna hrik thi tawh chuan taksa ah natna thlen lo pawh nise an bei tho ang a, chumi hnuah memory cells an siam chhuak teuh ang. Chung memory cells te chuan taksa an venghim tlat dawn a ni.

            Natna hrik tihhlum tawh emaw, natna thlen theilo tura sawisak emaw, taksa chhunga an kah luh hi vaccine chu a ni ta a ni. Vaccine taksa chhunga a luh hnuah taksa venghimtu tur sipai duty memory cells te, taksain a dah teuh ang a, chung memory cells te chu kum 10 an dam anih chuan kum 10 chhung chu natna lakah chuan taksa a himdam thei dawn tihna a lo nih chu.


Vaccine hmuh chhuah dan

           Hei hi introduction ah dah awm tak a ni a, mahse, mak takin a hnudawlah ka han dah daih anih hi. Kum zabi 18na vel ah khan England ah small pox hri a leng nasa hle mai a. Mi tam takin an thih phah a. Chutih lai chuan bawng vulhtu thenkhatin small pox an vei ve miah lo ani tih chu Edward Jenner chuan a hmu chhuak ta a. Bawngvulhtu te hian small pox aia hlauhawm loh zawk, cow pox an vei thin a, chutianga cow pox vei tawh, dam leh tawh o chuan small pox an vei ve miah lo ani tih a hre ta a. Chuti anih chuan cow pox natna hrik chu taksa ah kah luh nita se, chu chuan small pox lakah taksa a ven theih a ring ta tlat mai a ni. Tunge natna khirhkhan tak lak atanga him inbeisei vanga natna hrik dang taksaa dah luh duh ta ang le? A risk a sang khawp mai. Jenner-a huanpu fapa mipa naupang kum riat mi James Phillip lakah experiment a ti thei ta hlauh mai. Hemi kum hi kum 1796 a ni a, bawnghnute sem thin Sarah Nelmes-i cow pox vanga taksa bawl pan chhunga thil tui la chhuakin chu naupang banah ah chuan Edward Jenner chuan a chiu luh sak ta a. Chu naupang chuan a banah cow pox natna bawl leh pan a rawn lang chhuak a; a hnuah naupang taksa ah chuan small pox natna hrik a han chiu lut a, mahse thihna thlen theitu natna rapthlak tak small pox erawh a vei ve ta reng reng lo. Naupang taksaa cow pox hrik dahluh anih avangin naupang chuan small pox lakah resistance a lo nei ta anih chu. Hei hi vaccine lo chhuah tanna chu a ni ta.

Photo: Edward Jenner

           Edward Jenner-a thil hmuhchhuah avang hian mi sang tam takin an nunna an humhim theih phah ta a, chuvang chuan Edward jenner pawh, tun thlengin khawvelin a hming a theinghilh thei tawh lova, "Father of Immunology" tia hriat reng a ni kumkhua tawh dawn a ni.


Vaccine chi hrang hrang te:

            Kan sawi ta sa sa, sawi zawm zel ang aw. Natna hrik tihhlum hnu emaw tih chauh hnu emaw, taksaa kah luh vaccine chauh ni lovin, vaccine chi hrang hrang kan nei ta. Vaccine te hi virus atanga siam anih chuan viral vaccine an ti a, bacteria atanga siam a nih chuan bacterial vaccine an ti ve thung.

1. First generation vaccine:

            Natna hrik taksa pumpui vaccine atan hman a nih hian first generation vaccine an ti. Chi thum lai a awm a. Heat killed or killed -Virus emaw bacteria emaw kha an tihhlum hmasa phawt a, vaccine atan an hmang thin. Inactivated - Virus emaw bacteria emaw kha inthlahpung thei miah lo turin an khawih zal hmasa thin. Attenuated - Virus emaw bacteria emaw, a nung lai ngei vaccine atan hman a ni. Hetiang atana an hman ho hi chu an inthlahpung chak lo em em a, taksaah natna an thlen meuh lo. Attenuated hi a thawk chak ber a, mahse risk erawh a sang deuh chuan ka hria.

            Bacteria thenkhat hian taksa ah tur a siam chhuak thin a, chu tur chu ka damloh pui thin a ni. He tur hi toxins an ti. Toxins te chakna hi biomolecules, proteins an ni tlangpui a, formaldehyde nen an sawisak hnuah tur toxin chuan a tur nihna a hloh ta a, toxin ni tawh lovin toxoids a lo ni a ni. Toxoids hi vaccine ang thovin taksaah, natna laka taksa veng turin an chiu lut thin. eg. tetanus toxoid hi tetanus tur, tetanospasmin atanga siam a ni. Hetiang vaccine hi toxoid vaccine an ti.

2. Second generation vaccine:

            He vaccine hi sub-unit vaccine an ti bawk. Bacteria taksa peng engpawh (capsule, pili, etc) hi vaccine angah a hman theih. Entirna pakhat lo sawi ta i la; bacteria te hian an bei ngheh nan pili (hmul ang tak) an mamawh a; pili chu an extract a, chu chu vaccine angin an hmang ta a. Taksaa a luh veleh taksa ah amah do turin antipili antibodies tam tak a insiam ta a. Chu antibodies chuan cell a bacteria bet thei tur a veng tlat thei a, tichuan bacteria in cell a bei thei miah lo tihna anih chu.

            Tin bacteria chhah taka tuamtu kawrah hian polysaccharides chi hrang hrang an awm a, chu chu an extract a, vaccine atan an hmang bawk. Hetiang hi pneumonia natna thlentu Streptococcus pneumoniae tan vaccine hlawhtling tak an siam bawk.

3. Third generation vaccine

            Chi hnih a awm a: recombinant DNA vaccine leh recombinant protein vaccine. Thil inzawm reng a ni a. Recombinant DNA a awm chuan recombinant protein siam chu thil harsa a ni lo, a chhan chu DNA atangin protein a insiam chhuak thei miau si a. (Recombinant DNA technology hi genetic engineering a ni a, ka peih chuan ka la ziak ang; mahse mizotawnga ziak chu a huphurhawm khawp ang le).

            Hetiang vacine hi chu a technology a sang deuh a, recombinant DNA technology hmangin an siam chhuak thin. Viral DNA emaw Bacterial DNA emaw an duhlai ber an la chhuak phawt a, chu an DNA extract sa chu plasmid ah an clone pung chiam a. (Tin, DNA hi  PCR hmangin an ti pung chiam thei bawk). Heng DNA te hi an extract leh a, chu chu vaccine atan an hmang ta thin a ni. DNA hian protein a siam chhuak thin a. Taksaa kah luh a nih veleh taksa ah protein a insiam a, chu protein chu rang takin immune system in a lo man chhuak nghal a, T-cells chi hrang hrang leh antibodies a rawn siam chhuak ta teuh va. Chung zinga thenkhat chu memory cells ah insiamin rei tak taksa an venghim thei a ni. Hetiang hi DNA vaccine an ti. Recombinant DNA Vaccine hi risk a la sang deuh na a, a hlawhtling tak tak anih chuan tha ber leh awlsam ber tura ngaih a ni. Hlawhtling takin bird flu vaccine an siam chhuak.

             DNA te hi plasmid ah dah luh anih hnuin, plasmid chu bacteria ah an dahlut a, an culture a, an inthlah pung chiam a, culture chamber atangin protein an siam chhuahte an la chhuak a. Chu protein chu vaccine atan an hmang bawk. Hepatitis B vaccine chhuak thar ho kha a tlangpuiin hi recombinant viral proteins vaccine an ni.

Passive leh active immunity:

            Kan taksaah vaccine kan kah luh avanga taksaa antibodies a rawn insiam a, natna hrik ngai chiah lo lut leh tur laka min ven hian, chu immunity chu active immunity an ti. Vaccine hi siam chawp a nih vangin artificial active immunity an ti thin bawk. Kan taksaa natna hrik lut tawh vanga kan taksaa natna do theitu a insiam hian active immunity tho a ni a, mahse thlentir chawp a nih loh vangin natural active immunity an ti.

            Kan taksa chhunga insiam ni lova, antibodies awmsa, insiam sa, kan taksa chhungah a lut a, chu chuan kan taksa ah immunity a siam chuan passive immunity an ti. Blood serum kan tih ho ah hian antibodies tam tak a awm thin a, chutiang chu artificial passive immunity an ti. Tin nausen hian an taksa ah natna do theihna an nei lo va, nu taksa atangin antibodies siamsa an dawng thin a. Chu chu natural passive immunity an ti bawk. Tin, kan hriat belh ve mai mai atan, antibodies hi hybridoma technology hmangin laboratory ah an siam chhuak thin bawk.Heta antibodies an siam chhuah hi monoclonal antibodies an ti.

Nausen leh natural immunity

            Nausen te hi an pianhlim hian an taksa a la no em em a, natna do theihna (immunity) an taksa ah a la insiam ve thei miah lo. Mahse natna do theihna an nei ve tho si. Eng tiangin nge ni le? Nu in nau a pai laiin ama taksaa antibodieas a siam te chu laihrui kaltlangin chhul chhunga naute a pe chhawng thin a. Heng antibodies siamsa te hmang hian naute chuan natna do theihna immunity a lo nei ve thei thin. Tin, nu hnute tui chhuak hmasa, rawng eng lam deuh, hnang ban lampang lek lek hi colostrum an ti a, hetah hian taksa siamtu protein leh natna do theitu antibodies a tam em em thin. Hei vang hian hnute tu chhuak hmasa colostrum hi nausenin an hne ngei ngei tur a ni. Nu taksaa antibodies siamsa naute ina a dawn hmang hian naute chuan natna do theihna a lo nei ve ta thin a ni. Heng antibodies te hi a tlangpuiin thla thum atanga thla ruk a dam a, tin sentut natna hrik do theitu antibodies te hi nausen taka ah thla 12 atanga thla 15 thleng an dam thei bawk. Naupai laia vaccine lak pawimawh zia, tihian  ka hre thei mai awm e.
       

             Khing vaccine chi hrang hrang ka rawn tarlan ah te khian, a chung ber ami khi a siam a awlsam ber a,  hman tlanglawn ber pawh a ni a, mahse natna hrik tak taka kha vaccine atana hman anih avangi risk  tlem a awm tel a ni.  Chuvangin a aia tha siam chhuah tumin theihtawp chhuah mek reng a ni a, second generation vaccine leh third generation vacine vek hi hman theih hun pawh a la thleng maithei hial a ni. Ka thuziak te hi, a ziaktu ang deuh hian a up-to-date vak tawh lo mai thei a, a chhiar dan tawk pawh thiam a ngai viau ang. Biotechnology hi hmalam pana kal reng a nih vangin thil thar a chhuak reng a; a enga pawh chu ni ta se, a pawimawh lai bera chu engtin nge vaccine hi an siam a, vaccine chuan engtin nge hna a thawh thin tih lai tak hi a ni awm e. A chhiar zau peih tan chuan lehkhabu hrang hrang leh internet lamah chhiar belh tur a tam khawp mai.

(Medical lam mi ka ni lova, ka hre ril lo hle. Science atangin ka rawn ziak anih hi)

Ramngaw thiah a that lohna tlemte

             Phul hmun atanga ramngaw tha tak insiam thei tur hian kum 50 atanga kum 100 lai a ngai a. Kan zo tlangram, ngaw hmun leh kawltu chawi loh zobawm thing hmun ngaw dur dup te ho kha tunah chuan thlawhbaw ram, luang hmun, di hmun leh phul hmunah te an chang zo tawh a, ram chhia, engmah thar chhuah theih tawh lohna hmunah a chang zo tawh anih hi. Ngaw thiaha tihchhiat (deforestation) hi a harsa lova, ramngaw din thar leh erawh a hautakin kum tam tak a ngai tawh thin.

             Kan ram hi kan hriat theuh angin leilung hausakna, heng lungalhthei, petroleum, leh minerals hlu tak tak rangkachak, lunghlu, thir, silver, aluminium, etc. ah te hausakna a nei lem lova. Kan ram hausakna chu ramngaw ah a innghat tlat a. Thing leh mau leh ramsa chi hrang hrang te hi kan ram leilung hausakna a ni. Heng te hi renewable resources an nih lai hian, kan enkawl that lohva, kan humhalh that loh chuan non-renewable ah an chang zo vek mai dawn a ni. Hei vang hian kan ramngaw te hi kan humhalh a tul takzet a ni.

            Pi leh pu te hunlai atanga kan cultivation system hman thin, tun thlenga kan thlah theih reng reng loh, shifting cultivation hian ram a tichhe nasa em em a, khauvin thlai hmun a suasam ang maiin a kumtelin ram a eichhe duai duai mai anih hi. He system hi bansan a, huan nghet neih lamah te, leilet leh wet terrace neih lamah kan kal a hun khawp mai.

Ramngaw thiah that lohna te:

Ramngaw thiah that lohna hrang hrang kan hre tam tawh na a, tlem ka han ziak ve hrim hrim teh ang.

1. Ramsa te chenna hmun kan tichhia:

              Ramngaw hi ramsa te tan chenna hmun nuam, riahna leh eitur tha awmna a ni a. An chenna hmun kan tihchhiat belh zel vangin kan ramah ramsa an tlem em em tawh a ni. Ramngaw kan thiah hian ramsate chenna hmun kan tihchhiatsak tihna a ni. Ramsate chenna hmun a chhiat chuan chenna tur hmundang an mamawh a, hmundangah an pem chhuah a lo ngai ta thin a ni. Kan rama hi Kristian ram a ni a, Kristian ramah ramsa te tan chenna hmun tha kan zuah sak thei lova, an chenna hmun kan tihram sak zel anih chuan, thil zahthlak tak a ni ang. Tuhmaa kan rama ramsa cheng tam tak te kha, tunah chuan hmuh mai mai tur an awm ta lo. Khawnge an awm zawh tak le? Kan ramah hian an cheng ngam ta lo a ni thei ang em?

             Ramsa mawi ti taka thlir liam ngai miah lo hnam kan ni a, ramsa ramtla lai thla lak tuma veh veh phei chu kan la tlem hmel khawp mai. Ramsa ramtla lai hmuh chuan thal tawp duhna rilru hi kan la paih hlei thei lo.

2. Ramsa te eitur kan tihbo sak:

               Lo kan vah hian kang tha hle se tia kan duh avangin thing kan zuah meuh lova, sava rahtlan tha tak pawh awm se, kan zuah chuang lo. Kumtin ram kan vah chereu zel avangin rahtlan kan kit thlu zo ta a, kan ramah sava leh ramsa te'n eitur an nei tawh lova, a pembo thei thei an pem bo mai thin.

3. Shade loving plants tan hmun a awm ta lo:

             Thlai te hi chi hnih hlawm lian tak takah then an ni a. Hlawm khat chu nisa hnuaia tha taka to chi, nisa hmuh that loh chuan thang tha thei lo an ni a, chi khat dang leh chu daihlim hnuaiah chauhva cheng thei an ni. A hmasa zawk hi Sciophytes (sun-loving plants) an ti a, a hnuhnung zawk hi Heliophytes (shade-loving plants) an ti bawk. Ramngaw kan thiah chuan chu ngaw hnuaia to ve thin Heliophytes tam tak te chu an an tuar nasa bik em em a. A hnuah chulai hmunah chuan lo tiakin lo to thar ve leh pawh nise, a zar hlim duaitu leh vawng dai ruaitu ramngaw a awm tawh dawn loh vangin a tiak chhun te pawh an than a tha lo ang a, an survive ve zo tawh kher lovang.

4. Leilung vawng daitu kan thai bo:

             Ramngaw hian leilung a vawng dai tlat a. Nisa lutuk ina lei a chhun sa tur lakah a veng tlat a ni. Hei vang hian leilunga hnawng awm te tuihu ah an kalral chak lova. Luite tui pawh tuihu ah a kal ral chak lova, leilungah hnawng a tam bawk avangin luite te pawh thal laiin an kangchat ngai lo. Ngaw thiah chereu a lo nih hian chunglai ram chu nitin nisensa takin a chhun a, khua a lumin boruak a khawro va, a lum huam huam a, leilunga hnawng awmte tuihu ah an kalral zung zung a, luite tui pawh tuihu ah a kalral nasa em em a, a chawmtu tuihna a lo tlem a, thalah a kangchat mai thin. Vawng daitu ngaw a awm loh vangin leilung a lo sa  a, a ram pumin boruak a lum huam huam thin a. Boruak a khawro leh a sat em vangin thlai atanga tui chhuak (transpiration) pawh a sang hle a, chuvang chuan leilunga tui awm te thlaiin a hip chhuah nasat phah hle bawk a ni. Luite za tam tak kangchat chuan luipui tuikuang pawh nasatakin a tihniam lo thei thin lo a ni.
 

5. Tuihawk a tam, a nu, a luang chak bawk:

           Ramngaw ah ruah a sur chuan ruahmalin thingzar leh a hnahte a deng hmasa a, thingkung leh hnah atangin zawitein a far thla fep fep a, chung ruahmal far te chu direct takin leiah an far thla lo. Thing hnuaia forest litter inchhek khawmah te a far thla a, chumi hnuah chauh leilung a thleng thla thin. Forest litter hnuaiah hian hnim tawih tawh leh leilunga insiam mek humus soil an awm a, chung te chuan tui an pawm em em a. A tam thei ang ber lei hnuai lamah an luhtir thin. Tin, ruahtui tam tak takin thing kung a a zul a, thing bul atangin leilungah tui a lut thla thin bawk. Leilung kal ral a tlem avangin tuihawk pawh a nu ve but but ngai meuh thin lova. Tuihawk pawh, a lo dangtu tur thing leh mau, leh ngaw hnuaia perhte te an tam vangin a luang chak lutuk lova, lei chunglang hang tha a luang ral tlem bik a, tuihawk a chak loh bik avangin tuilian pawh a siam nep bik thin. 

            Ngaw a awm tawh loh chuan leilung a lo sa a, a khawrova, a lo phut ta a. Chutah ruah a lo sur a, ruahsurin direct takin leilung a rawn deng hmiah hmiah a, leichar khawroah tui a lut tha thei si lova, tuihawk a lo tam a, lei vut nawi tuihawkin a len ral hiau hiau bawk a. Ruamrai khat huam chhunga tuihawk nasatak luang khawm chuan tuilian nasa tak leh force nasa tak a siam a, chu chuan luikam leilung nasatakin a ti riral a, hmun thenkhatah phei chuan chhiatna nasa tak a thlen thei thin.

6.  Lei chunglang hang tha a bo

           Point 5-na a ka sawi tawh ang khian ramngaw a awm loh chuan leilung a khawrova, a phut a, ruahin a nan a, tuihawk a tam a, a luang chak bawk a, chuvang chuan lei chunglang hang tha te pawh tuihawkin a len ral hmiah hmiah thin a. A len bo tawh chu, engtik khawtik ah mah a rawn let tawh lovang. Lei chunglang hang tha kutphah beng vela chhah siam tur hian kum 100 tam tak a mamawh thin. Kan ramchhia (degraded land) te hi han en chiang ila, lei tak leh hang tha a pan em em a, leitha pawh a awm chang chang a ni. Khawnge an awm zawh tak? Silchar phai leh Bangladesh phai ruam vela loneitu te khu kan leitha hmangin kan chawm tih hi kan hre lo fo thin.


7. Chak lakna hmun a tlem zel

             Thingtlangpa tan chuan ramngaw hi a hlu takzet a, a mamawh chak lakna hmunpui ber pakhat a ni. Huan hung nan mau a mamawh a, thil tawn nan hnang a mamawh a, ban phun nan thingtuai a mamawh a, tuah atan thing a mamawh a, insakna hmanrua zawng zawng deuhthaw ramngaw atangin a la bawk thin. Mamawh tawk lek lek lak hian ramngaw a tichereu lova, duhamna avanga sumdawnna hian ramngaw a tichereu va, tin kan loneih dan shifting cultivation hian ramngaw a tichhe nasa em em bawk thin. Ramngaw a chereu zel avangin thingtlangpa tan pawh chak lakna tur hmun a tlem tawh a, tunhmaa dai hnai lawk lawk ami an lak thin mai ang kha a ni tawh lova, ram hla tak tak ami va lak a ngai tawh thin. Mau pu khat lek keuh tur pawhin patlingin nileng hun hmanral a ngai tawh. Thingtlangpa chuan bawngtuthlawh ha leh hrei ha atan thing tha kher a duh thin a, bawngtuthlawh ha leh hrei ha tur zawng turin ramhnuai hla tak a pan vang vang a ngai tawh bawk.

8.  Forest hi food resources tha a nia sin

            Kan ramngaw hi thingtlanga cheng te tan chuan food resource tha lutuk a ni a. Mautuai, hruizik, tumbu, aidu, changkhen/kawhtebel, khaum leh thei rah chi hrang hrang (theikhawkham, thei kum, lenhmui, ramtheihai, bil, tuaitit, theitat, tatkawng, etc.) an lakna hmun a ni a. Ramngaw kan thiah nasat tawh lutuk vangin heng kan chawhmeh tha leh hlu tak tak te hi mi nazawng lak phakah an awm tawh lova, kan thei tui tak tak te pawh an vang em em tawh a ni.

9. Green house effect laka min vengtu a ni

           Ramngaw thing lian tak tak te hi carbon dioxide sink tha tak an ni a. Photosysthesis laiin carbon dioxide a hiplut a, chu carbon compound tangkai tak tak a siam chhuak a, chung te chu a taksa (biomass) ah a dahtha zel a. Hei vang hian photosynthesis hi carbon dioxide fixation an ti bawk. Carbon dioxide hi greenhouse effect thlen theitu boruak (greenhouse gas) tam tak zinga a pawimawh ber pakhat a ni a. Boruaka carbon dioxide content sang lutuk tur kha thing kung hian a taksaah a lo dah that then avangin carbon dioxide hi kan atmosphere ah a tlem phah thin. Ramngaw kan thiah hian carbon dioxide boruakah kan chhuah a, chu mai bakah a dah thatna store kan chhu chim bawk.

10. Leilunga nutrients let leh tur kan dangchat

          Thingkung lian tak tak te'n leilung atangin chawtha an hip khawm a, an taksa ah an dah tha a. A hnah tla, a rah tla, a par tla leh a tang leia tla te chu an lo tawih a, leitha ah changin nutrients te chu leilungah vek an let leh thin. Ramngaw ah hian microbial population a sang a, thil pawh an ei tawih (biodegradation) chak hle thin. Hnah tla te rang takin an tawih a, rang takin leitha a insiam a, nutrients te pawh leilungah rang takin a luang chhuak thin. Chung leilunga nutrients rang taka lo chhuak te chu thing zung tha tak taka inkaih te chuan rang takin a hip lut leh nghal thin bawk. Thing atangin lei ah, lei atangin thingah vek a let leh a, a kual a kual thin. Hei hi nutrient cycle an ti. Ngaw kan thiat a, kan halral vek hian leilunga nutrients let leh tur awm miah lovin kan ti riral vek thin tihna a ni a. Chung nutrients hlu tak tak te chu chatuan atana leilunga let leh tawh  ngai lo turin a thamral thin.


           Kan chenna leh khawsak ve na atana Pathian min pek ram hi, mite ram angin leilungah hausa lek luk ve lo mahse, thing leh mau, ramsa chi hrang hrangah kan hausa hle a. Hetiang resource hi enkawl that chuan ral ve mai mai thei lo resources (renewable resources) an ni a. Kan dimdawia kan enkawl that a, nungcha kan humhalh thiam a, an chenna tur ramngaw kan humhalh thiam hi a tul khawp mai. Kan resources tha tak tak te hi dimna leh uina nei hauh lovin kan hal kang hluah hluah zel anih hi. Ramngaw thiah hi thil harsa a ni lova, a din thar leh erawh hna hautak theihtawp ani thung. Kumtina kan thing phun ve leuh leuh hmang hian ramngaw kan siam thei ngawt miah lo, phun hnuah nasatak enkawl zui a ngai, chu chu kan peih tawh ngai reng reng lo. Hei vang hian kan ramngaw neih te hi kan duat thiam a ngai khawp mai. A chhunga cheng, a neitu te hian kan humhalh a, kan roh hle loh chuan tumahin min rawn humhalh sak dawn reng reng lo a ni tih hi kan hriat nawn fo a tul khawp mai.

                                (In hriat hnu vek ka rawn tuai thar leh pek anih hi)