Pawisa.... oooh money

      
             Pawisa ka nei lova, pawisak erawh ka nei. Eng ni lo mah ila, pawisa hi han nei im em ila, pa neinung kan ni mai dawn a lo ni. Mihausa tia an sawi thin te pawh hi, pawisa an ngah vang mai maia hausa alawm an lo nih le. Pawisa zet hi zawng a lo hlu a ni, lei theih loh a hleih pawh hi a lo awm lo. Hmangaihna thleng hian a lei theih tawh a ni lo maw ka ti rum rum fo thin. Dam khawchhuah nan pawisa a ngai a, mamawh phuhruk nan pawisa a ngai a, Pathian bawmah lehzel pawh pawisa lo chu chhun luh a rem tak tak lo. Nunna tih loh hi chu pawisa hmanga lei theih loh a tlem khawpin ka hria. Pawisa kan neih theih nan rim takin hna kan thawk thin a. Pawisa hi kan ngaihlu a, kan duh hleuh hleuh hle bawk. Mahni thawh hlawh ni miah lo, mi chanai tur lehzel pawh kan rut hmiah hmiah fo thin. Heti tak hian pawisa hi hlu mahse, a tenawm hle lawi si. I han hmuchhuak dawn teh ang.



Microorganisms chungchang tlem          

             Pawisa chungchang sawi hmain microorganisms chungchang sawi phawt ang. Microorganisms, a bikin bacteria leh fungi te hi boruak, lei leh tuiah an awm thin a. Khawilaiah pawh hian an awm emaw tih mai tur a ni. Bacterial cell leh fungal cell te hian anmahni tuamtu tur kawr chhah tak, pangang cocoon ang mai hi, an insiam a. A insiam lai hi sporulation an ti. Chutia kawr chhah tha tak an insiam hnu chuan dormant phase angin an awm a, sik leh sa, nisa, ruahsur, khawlum, khawro leh khawvawtin a hmet hlum lo. Thli a lo thaw a, boruakah an leng nuai nuai a, kan hiplut a, kan thaw chhuak leh a, kan ei tel a, kan in tel thin bawk. Kan vunah tam tak an bet a, kan thawmhnaw ah thahnem tham tak an kai tuarh bawk. Boruak, tuiah leh leiah an awm miau avangin microorganisms te awm lohna tak tak pawh hi a lo awm meuh awm lo ve.

            Heng microbial spores te hi an to theihna tur hmun tha leh chawtha awmna apiangah an tiak (germinate) a, an inthlah pun chak em vangin reilote ah microbial colony an siam leh mai thin. Chu microbial colony chu beitu leh tichhetu an awm loh chuan a pung chak em em thin. 

            Heng microbial spores tam tak zingah hian natna min thlen theitu (pathogens) tam tak an awm a. Chungte chu kan vunah te, kan hnarah te, kan mitah te an kai a. Tin, kan ka atangin an lut thin bawk. Kan taksa hian defensive mehanism hi a nei tha em mai a, physical barriers, chemical barriers, cellular barriers leh immune system te avang hian natna hrik lakah kan him thei mai mai chauh a lo ni a. Taksain natna hrik a lo beihlet hian a chang chuan taksaah nasatakin a lang chhuak thin a. WBC hian a chang chuan chemical chikhat pyrogens a siam chhuak thin a, chu chuan nasatakin taksa temperature a tisang a, khua a lo sik ta hluah thin. Lymphocytes te paw'n a chang chuan taksaa foreign bodies lo lut lo beilet turin chemical chikhat histamine a siam chhuak chiam a, chumi avang chuan allergy kan lo nei ta thin bawk.

Pawisa

           Pawisa hi a hlut em em rualin a tenawm em em bawk. Pawisa hi mi hrang hrang kutah a lut hin a. Mi chi hrang hrangin an khawih a, an ipteah an dah a, wallet ah te, purse ah te an khung a. Kutfai leh thianghlim kherin kan khawih ngailo va,a tul hunah chuan kut bal chung pawhin kan khawih hmiah hmiah thin. Phar pa kutah pawisa a lut a, AIDS vei kutah a lut a, T.B. vei pawhin an kawl ve tho va, STD vei ho kutah pawisa a lut a, chung pawisa te chu keinin kan lo hum ve leh a. Nu pakhat hritlangin a kutin a hnap a hnit a, a hnar a kawm a, a pawt fan duar duar a, chu kut vek chuan pawisa a hum zawm nghal mai a. Pawisa hian a lo thleng kil khawr thei khawp mai a. Damlo na tak tak, damdawiina awm mek te kutah a lut a, mihausa ber kut atangin mirethei ber hnen a thleng bawk. Natna hrik thehdarh na hmanraw tha tak pakhat chu pawisa hi a ni thei ngei ang.

            "Pawisa kan khawih bawrh bawrh a, kan kut kan liak a, natna kan kai lo," kan ti a ni maithei. Natna hrik sang tam tak hian engtik lai pawhin min bei reng a, mahse kan taksaa defence mechanism ropui lutuk hian a lo tihlum zel a, a tihhlum bang tlemte te kha zawi zawiin an inthlah pung a, an inbun nghet a, an inbun ngheh chhung rei lam (incubation period) erawh a inang lo; a tawpah natna kan vei chauh thin. Pawisa hi natna hrik thehdarhtu a ni a, pawisa atang hian rin loh leh beisei loh takin natna kan kai thei bawk.


             Kuta kan thil khawih atangin bateria tam tak kutah an kai thin a, kuta bacteria te chu pawisa ah an kai hhawng ve leh a. Thenkhatin an hnute karah pawisa an zep a, kap kara zep lut duh mai pawh an awm tho va, thenkhatin an hmui leh hnar bulah an lek a. Midangin pawisa an hum veleh, pawisaa bacteria awm te kha, midang kutah an kaichhawng veleh a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB hrik) te, Escherichia coli te, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus te leh bacteria chidang tam tak pawisa ah hian hmuh thin a ni. Heng pathogenic bacteria an hmuh ho te hi antibiotic resistant an ni e an tih hlawm chu. Pawisa hi resistant variety pathogens (damdawi haw ve tawh lo natna hrik) theh darhtu pawimawh tak an ni tihna a nih deuh ber mai chu.


            Kut hi chaw ei dawn ah kan sil leuh leuh va, kan duhtawk viau zel a. Kut hi thil chi hrang hrang kan khawihna a ni a, kan thil khawih atangin kan kutah microbe chi hrang hrang a kai teuh thin. Kut hi zia nei a ni a, fai taka sil nia kan inhriat pawh hian kutzia karah te, tin karah te hian bacteria tam tak an la awm thei tho mai. Kut ah microorganisms awm lo thei tur chuan fai taka sil hnuah distilled water in tleuh leh ila, chumi hnuah 75% alcohol  (or above) hmangin sil leh ila....chutiangah chauh chuan microbes a tello thei ang. Chu pawh chu ni ta tehreng se la, rang takin boruak atangin microbial spores te kan kutah an rawn tla leh  nghal tho tho ang.  Kut fai mang hlei lovin pawisa tawp tak tak kan hum a, kut sil chuang lem lovin thil kan ei zui nghal bawrh bawrh a, kuhva eitur kan siam a, kan ei hmiah hmiah a, chu kut hmang vek chuan kan inchibai bawrh bawrh a, a pawi lem lo chu a ni phawt mai ang a....... Kutin pawisa kan khawih a, kha pawisaa pathogenic bacteria awm te kha kan kutah an kai thei ani tih hriat reng erawh a harsa khawp mai.


            Pawisa hi chu pawisa nge nge a lo ni. A neitu bik pawh kan lo awm tak tak lo anih hi. Mihausa kutah pawisa a vaibelchhe tel telin a lut a, a mai maiin a chhuak leh tawh ngai lova. Mirethei kut atang erawh, a thawhchhuah ang ang, rang takin a chhuak ral nghal zel thin. Pawisa hi chu pawisa a ni miau va, tenawmin natna hrik eng anga tam pawh awm se, mit lawngin a hmuh theih chuang lova, a tenawm loh tihna a ni thei mai lawm ni? Natna hrik eng anga tam pawh awm se, pawisa a nihna a bang chuang lova, a hlutna a kiam chuang hek lo.

Sumdawn nan kan rohlu te

(Hetiang lam pang hi ka ziak tam ta, thenkhat tan chuan ninawm a tling thei hial mai awm mang e)              

               Kan chhehvela cheng ve nungcha, thing leh mau, ramsa chi hrang hrang te hi nunna nei an ni a. Kan tan an tangkai em em a, kan nitin mamawh nasatakin min phuhruk thin. Kan pi leh pu te'n Mizoram an luah hma daih tawh atang khan he ram hi an lo luah tawh a, he ramah hian zalen leh nuam takin an lo cheng tawh thin. Keini kan chen ve hnu hian zawi zawiin an chep tial tial a. Kan duh dan ang angin kan suasam a, ngaw kan thiat a, kan hal a, ramsa ni se dimna leh renna tel hauh lovin kan that hmiah hmiah thin.

                Kan mamawh tawk chiah chiah kan lak a, kan thah hian an population a tihniam lutuk lova, mahse sumdawn nana kan hman chin ah chiah hian an population a kiam duak duak anih hi. Mihring duhamna hian chin tawk a nei lova. A hausakna tur leh sum a lakluhna tur anih phawt chuan engmah pawisak a nei thin lo. Sawi tawh thin angin kan ram hi leilung hausakna lamah a pachhe hle a, chutih laiin renewable resources lamah a hausain bioderversity lamah a hausa em em a. Mahse he biodiversity, renewable resources hi, dimna leh renchemna tel hauh lova sawisak anih chuan he kan ram atang hian kumkhua atana kir leh tawh lo turin kan tihlum vek dawn a lo ni.


              Nungchate suat raltu pawimawh leh bulpui ber mai chu sumdawnna atana ramsa te, thing leh maute kan hmang thin hi a ni. Sumdawnna atana kan hman avanga population ina atawrh te hi an tam hle a, ziak chiam pawh a chakawm hle na a, a sei lutuk loh nan tlemte chauh ka han ziak lang ang e:

Sangha man

               Kan ram luite ah leh lui ah te hian sangha chi hrang hrang an tam hle thin a. Tunhma kha chuan mahni ei khawp te te han man mai mai kha a nih deuh mai thin vangin luiah sangha an tam thin hle. Tunah zet chuan mahni ei khawp man mai duhtawk lova zawrh tham man tum an tam tawh a. Nitina sangha man tuma chhuak pawh an tawm thin hle. Tunhma kha chuan lenden, nghakuai chiah, lenkhang zar,  ngha-awt chiah, ngawi dawh  leh ru hmanga sangha vuak te kha sangha an man dan a ni a. Khang te kha chuan sangha population a tihniam lutuk lem lo. Tunah erawh chuan bleaching powder te, chinai (limestone) hmang te, gelatine te leh electric current hmang tein sangha man an ching ta a. Hetianga sangha man hi chu hlawhtlin loh pawh a awm meuh lo. An beihna li ah chuan sangha an man kim deuh vek thin. Tur hmanga sangha hrai phei hi chuan, sangha mai ni lo, chu lia cheng nungcha zawng zawng an thi vek thin a, luimawng lam thui tak thlengin nungcha tam takin an thih phah thin.

            Generator leh thil dang hmanga nitin sangha man tura chhuak pawh ka hria. A hlawhtling thei em em bawk. Nitin hralh tham a hawn ziah thin. Mahse a kal tawhna luiah chuan sangha an tlem phah khawp ang. Hetianga hralh sumatana sangha man nasat lutuk vang hian kan ram luiah te sangha an van phah em em a. Nghafuan ven kan ching ngat phei hi chu a pawi leh zual. Veng e ti lovin a suatin kan suat a ni si a.


Ulawng, uchang, etc: 

             Bazarah han kal ila, uchang rep tam tak an zuar a, an lei sup sup thin. Uchang note, ulawng hi kan chawhmeh duhzawng leh tui kan tih em em thin pakhat a ni a. A note anih lai atangin ka rut a, nasa takin kan suat thin. A dam khawchhuak chhun uchang te pawh dimna leh renna nei lek lovin kan man a, kan that a, ka duhtawka kan ei bakah a repin bazarah kan zuar a. Ei kan intihhmuh bawk. Eng tik lai atangin nge heti em ema uchang sa hi tui kan lo tih tak em em le? Kan in ei hmuh mai mai a ni lo maw? Pawisawi lo nunna an ni a, a suata suat hi a tul lo asin maw le. Uchang rep hi ei duh loh i intihhmuh ngam teh ang u.

              Food chain awmzia leh pawimawh zia kan hre theuh a. Uchang, ukei, chungu leh utawk te chaw pawimawh tak pakhat chu thosi leh rannung tenau ho hi a ni. Ramhnuai leh dai vela thosi tam tak te hi an ei a, an chawpui ber anih vangin thla khat chung chuan an ei tam hman ngawt ang. Uchang te hi kan suat hmiah hmiah a, chutihlaiin anmahni eitu an lo awm ve tho si nen, an population hi zawi zawiin a tlahniam zel ang a, nakinah chuan kan ramah hian insects chi hrang hrang leh thosi a la tam em em dawn a ni. Natna tihbaiawm tak malaria laka min tanpuitu thian tha tak uchang te hi sumdawnna atana hmang tawh lovin a humhalh kan inzirtir a hun ta khawp mai.

Vachhuangtuar/chhuangtuar:

             Chhuangtuar hi sava mawi tak, zaidam leh ti tak mai an ni a. Leia chaw zawng chi sava an ni. Kum 20 vel kal ta ah khan chhuangtuar sa ei hian kal leh zunkawnga lungte awm a tireh/tidam thei niin thu a thang chiam mai a. Hei vang hian mi tamtakin damna duhin chhuangtuar sa an ei a. An dam em ka hre lo, an dam tak tak ka ring chhete lo. Chhuangtuar hi sava dang ang tho a ni a, A sa eia digest tawh hnu, rila a luh a, ril atanga thisena a luh hian a englai hian nge kal leh zunkawnga lungte awm chu chhu keh ta ang le? Zir chianna a awm em?

             He thuthang thalo tak leng vang hian mi tam takin chhuangtuar perh thluk leh kah thluk tumin an veh a, a zawnin an zawng a, a rampum huapin suat tumin an veh dul dul mai a ni. Pawisawi lo leh chhantu nei lo chhuangtuar te chu nasa taka suat an ni a, khami tum atang khan Mizoram chhungah chhuangtuar an tlem phah ta em em a ni.

Saphu

             Saphu hi ramsa vang tak mai a ni a, saphu vun/kawr manto taka hralh theih anih hnu phei hi chuan tupawhin saphu hmu se, pawisa menin an meng tawh a, pawisa tam tak tlan liam mai mai tur chu an phal teuh lo, thah tumin theihtawp chhuahin an bei ngei ngei dawn. Saphu, ramsa vang tak mai hi, humhalh a tul tehlul nen, sumdawnna thalo tak avangin a la thi mang mai ang tih a hlauhawm khawp mai.

Sava ve thung

     
             Sava thenkhat heng vahui, vahmim leh vaki te hi mana hralh kan ching thin hle a. Kan that chuang hleinem kan ti pawh a ni maithei. Ramsa te hian mihring kianga chen vea, thir bawm chhunga damchhung hun hman ngawt ai chuan ramhnuaiah zalen taka tlana thlawh ve theih hi an duh ngawih ngawih dawn ani tih hi hriat reng tur a ni. Keimahni ah pawh hian han inchhut ta ila, hnathawk miah lo tura jail tan ai chuan nitin hnathawk tura mahni inah, chhungte kianga awm kan thlahlel zawk awm e. Ramsa te tan hian kan duata kan enkawlna thir bawm chhung hi hremhmun ang chauh a ni.

             Sava mana zawrh kan chin thin vang hian kumtinin ramhnuai atangin sava man thin a ni a,. Sava tui nise, ei tham miah loh pawh, kan la hmiah hmiah a, thenkhat phei chuan a bu chhunga a puiin a chawm lai, a note te an la bawk a. No chawm lai ani tih kan hriat chian ngawih ngawih pawh kan vehin kan perh thla tawp tawp duh bawk. Hei hian sava nunnem tak thenkhat hi chu an population a tihhniam phah em em in a rinawm.

Anchiri

           Anchiri hi ngaw hnuaia to thin, bulbal nei thlai a ni a. A hnah leh a kuang hi chawhmeh atan an hmang thin. Chawhmeh atana a hnah leh a kuang lak hian a kung a tihlum ngai lo. Mahse tun hnaiah a bulbal a hralh theih tih hriat a ni a, a man a to em em lehnghal. Hei vang hian mi tam takin ramhnuaiah anchiri zawngin an lut a, an hmuh hmuh an vai hmiah hmiah mai. Hetiang anih chhohva, kan hmuh hmuh a bulbal nen kan kar phawng hmiah hmiah anih chuan, nakinah chuan kan ramngaw ah hian anchiri a la vang khawp ang le.

            Ram hnim mai mai tia eng huah maha kan ngaih loh anchiri pawh, mi te'n pawisa tam tak sengin an zir chiang a, a thatna an hmuchhuak a, a ram pum huapin an vai ta luai luai anih hi. An hman tangkaina pawh hre ve mah ila, business lian tham ti ve thei turin engmah tih theih kan nei tawh lo. Kan tih theih chhun chu a raw material supply chiah a ni tawh. Mi fa te'n min fin khalh vek ang a, kan rama rohlu te hi min hmuh chhuah khalh vek ang a, a tangkaina apply turin min patent khalh vek bawk ang a, chutih hunah chuan luthak lo pui kan hiat hiat tawh ang. Kan ram hi biodiversity ah a hausa a, zir chian tur a la tam em em a ni. Helamah hian sorkar pawhin chak taka ke a pen ve tan a ngai khawp mai.


Kan rama nungcha te hi

             Ramsa te hian kan lak atangin hmangaih leh lainat an hlawh ngai lova, mawi ti taka thlirtu an vang khawp ang a, chutih laiin ei chak zek zeka thlirtu kan ni deuh vek zawk awm e. Thlamuang taka chaw an ei lai te, hnim peta an tla dem dem lai te thlalakna nena veh vehtu an awm loh laiin a sachek tuihang hawp chaka veh veh peih erawh kan tam khawp mai. Kan ram, kristian ramah hian ramsa te an zalen ve ngai lova, kan ram hi ramsa te tan hlauthawng reng renga an awmna hmun a ni.

             Ramsa te hi ramhnuaia an awm mai mai pawh hian an dam khawchhuah theih nan theihtawp an chhuah thin a, anmahni tihhlum tuma veh veh reng tu ramsa dang an awm thin. Chutih laiin keini'n mihring te'n kan lo man a, kan awk a, lenin kan khuh a, kan perh a, kan kap a, turin kan lo hrai bawk thin. Mahni inveng ve thei lo ramsa nunnem tak tak te hian an dam khawchhuah ve theih nan chhantu an mamawh takzet ta. Hetia kan awm mai mai chhung hian thingtlang lamah chuan nitin ramsa leh sava te'n an nunna an chan zel. Engtik niah emaw chuan sava hram ri hriat tur awm miah lo ramngaw te, ramsa cheng awm miah lohna ramngaw te hi kan la nei dei duai ang tih pawh ahlauhawm ta khawp mai a. Thah tuma kan veh ve ngam miah loh rulngan te nena kan la chenza ho dual dual hun a la thleng palh ang tih a hlauhawm khawp mai.

Keini te ang em ema mahni ramchhung lui leh ramhnuaia cheng nungchate dimna leh renna nei lek lova suat nasa an awm ve ang em le? Keini'n kan duata kan humhalh loh chuan tu te'n nge min rawn humhalh sak ta ang le?

Vawiin atangin ka hna lamah

                 Tukin zing khawfing chat khan ka holiday hman lai mek a rawn chhu chat a, zing nichhuak eng mawi tak chuan engmah ti lova vocation hmanga ka awm mai mai lai chu "A tawk ta e" tiin, ka hna thawk tawh turin min rawn tur tho ta. Vawiin atang chuan ka eizawn vena atan Pathian min ruat sak lam panin nitin ka liam ve leh tawh dawn a ni. Chawlh kan neih rei deuh vangin ka thian, ka thawhpui fel tak tak te nen pawh kan inhmu lo rei ta a, ka zirtir thin naupang te hmel pawh ka hmuh lohna a rei ta.

                  Ka tho chhuak a, ka rilru a hlim hle mai. Vawiin atang chuan ka hmaah hna thar thawh tur a rawn inchhawp leh tan ta tih ka hria. Zirtir hna hi ka hna a ni a, ka zirtirna hi ka naupang te'n an hrethiam tur a ni. A thiamsa reng, thiamtir tum hi ka hnapui ber a ni lova, a thiam ve thei lo te, rilru chak ve lo te, thiante umpha ve hleithei lote hian an thiante an zawl phak ve theih nana theih tawp chhuah hi ka tihtur ka duty a ni. Lehkhabu chhunga thu inziak te hi ka zirtir ang a, mahse lehkhabu chhunga thu inziakte chauh lo pawh hi thil tam tak ka zirtir tur a ni ang. Ka theihna hi tlem hle mahse ka hna hi ka theih tawka thawh ka tum a ni tih hi ka'n tarlang ve mai mai anih hi.

Mahni hnaah inpekna tak tak neih a tul

               Hnathawh tur neih loh hi mihring tan a hrehawm a, hna zawng zawnga hmu thei reng reng lo nih pawh hi thil hrehawm tak a ni ang. Nasa tak leh theihtawp chhuahin hna kan zawng a, a chuhin kan inchuh a,  a thei theiin ka intihpui a; chutah hna chu kan hmu ta cheng a, kan thawk tha peih leh lova, hlawh lak hun leh hlawh chiah kan lungkham leh si thin. Thenkhat lah, an aia thiamna sang zawk neite aia duhsakna changin hna an hmu a, hna an hmuh hnu lawkah an hnathawhna hmunah kal lovin aikal te an la a, thawh loh hlawh lain an awm der der thin bawk. Mahni han aia mahni clinic ngaipawimawh zawk te, mahni hna aia zing leh tlai lama tution kal thin te ngai pawimawh zawk te pawh an awm an ti. Kan rama kan hnathawh dan angah hi chuan, thawk tam leh taima te an hah fal a, a thawk tlem an awl a, an hahdam bawk; an thawh hlawh erawh a inang vek tho si. Hna thawk thei turin kan pen chhuak ta sa sa, inpek tak takna neih hi a lo va tul tak em.

            Hna hmuh kan duh a, hnathawh erawh kan peih lo thin hle. Kan ramchhunga office hrang hrang ka tlawh chang te hian mi inpe tak tak an tam laiin mahni hna aia thildang ngai pawimawh zawk te, mahni hnaa inpekna nei reng reng lo te ka hmu fo thin. Hetiang ang mi ka hmuh chang hian mak ka ti hle thin.Sorkarin an thawh hlawh a pe reng tho chung sia, an hnathawh ber te lak atanga pawisa phut tlat thin ka hmuh chang te hian ka thin a rim thin. Pawisa hmel hmu lova hna pending lui tlat thin te hi ka va haw thin tak em. Office thenkhata ka luh chang hlim hmel pu tak chunga min lo dawngsawng thintu te, ka hriat duh ka zawh apiang tha taka min lo hrilh thintu te hi an fel ka ti thin. Chutih laia biak hrehawm em em an lo em ve thin te hian, an office zahawmna zawng zawng a tihmelhem ve thung.

               Mahni hna theuh ah hian inpe em em ila, min ruaitu duh ang zanin thawk ila. Ka hnathawhna hmun hi ka ei hmuhna hmun, ka chhungte ei tur leh mamawh ka hlawh chhuahna hmun a ni a, chhun lama ka in a ni tih hi hrechiang; tin ka hna hi ka eibel ber a ni bawk. Ka thawh tur awm tawk kan thawk a, ka hlawh tur awm tawk ka hlawh bawk. Ka thawh ang thawh ve chak, mithiam tak tak, keimah aia thiamna nei sang zawk mah, thawh tur nei ve si lo, tuna ka hlawh aia tlem pawha ka hna hi thawk duh tur mi tam tak an awm tih ka hria. Chuti chung pawha sorkarin ka hlawh tur a rawn tum zat zat thei te a va han lawmawm tak em. Ka hna thawk thei tura damna min petu Pathian chu fakin awm rawh se.

               Hun chep tak karah rilru fim pawh pu hman lovin thu tawite ka han ziak zuai anih hi. Chul mam a tul tak leh nakinah ka la rawn chul mam mai ang. 

Ka zuapa kha

           Ka pa in min boral san atangin kum 5 zet a lo tling ve ta reng mai. A thih cham a lo thlen hian keini chhungkua hi chu kan lung a leng thar em em thin a,  amah ber kan zingah awm tawh lo mahse, kan rilru ah a cham reng a, ama hova chhungkua hlim taka kan khawsak laite kha mitthla ah a cham vawng vawng thin. Kum tam tak liam tawh mahse, nimin lawk a thil thleng ang maiin a fiah em em thin. Ka pa pual hian thuziak chhete tal pawh ka lo la nei reng reng lo a ni tih ka hrechhuak a. Ama chanchin ziak tur hre tam lo hle mah ila, tlem tal chu ka han thai lang ve hrim hrim ang e.


Ka pa hun hmasa lam

             Ka pa, H. Liansanga, hi pa tawng tlem tak anih vangin a tunhma chanchin ka hre tlem hle a. A tunhma chanchin a sawi chhuah ve zauh zauh thin te lah kha chhinchhiah thlapa dah that nachang ka lo hre si lo. A chanchin hi ziak dawn ta ila, ziak tur ka hre tlem khawpin ka ring. Upa lam hian kum hi an lo chhinchhiah fel thlip thlep lem lova, a chanchin a sawi thinah te pawh a kum zat chiah chiah sawi tur reng reng kan nei lo.

           Ka pa hi a vanglai chuan mahni tawka pa chak, tuarchhel leh tlawmngai nia sawi a ni ve thin a.  Hna a thawh ve pawh chhungkaw tan thahnem a ngai thei hle a; thing leh mau kan put chang te hian a put zat ka pu zo ve ngai lo reng reng. Chawngtea kan awm lai kha chuan tui kan chawi taih taih thin a. Tui chawi nan bucket leh tel tin te zang a ti thei lutuk a, 'a aia dawng hlawk zawk, kawh nuam tho si awm se' tiin a sawi fo thin. Tui a chawi te khan tin pahnih a kawt a, a kut lehlamin tui tin khat a khai hram thin. Kan naupan zual lai kha chuan zu pawh heh ve tak mai a ni thin a. Zurui insual buai an awm hi chuan a pual bik emaw tih mai turin a tel ve zel thin. Mahse, mak ve deuh mai chu tumah a tibuai hmasa ngai lo. Ka pa hi,  hnam sipaia a tan lai pawh khan pa tawh khirh tak anih thu an sawi ka hre fo mai.


MNF ah

            Mizo National Army ah khan K battallion ah a awm thin a. Arakan lama an awm lai chanchin a sawi te kha ngaihnawm kan va ti thin e aw. BSF ho tawh khirh zia leh silai kah dik bik thin zia a sawi te, Pathan ho beih hrehawm zia a sawi te kha a awmzia ka man pha lo. A sipai tan pui thin te'n a damloh laia an rawn kan thin te khan a lung a leng hle thin a ni tih a hriat reng mai. Thi leh thau pawlhin ram tan a bei a, sipai man a tawk a, vuak a tuar a, vawk zawna zawn pawh a tawk tawh. Tlangkar kawng chhe tak takah kalin a sur a sa hnuaiah hah pawh sawi lovin a kal a, thosi leh vangvat zuk a tuar a. Chawkaw puar khawpa ei tur nei lova an vah thin te, a riltam tawngkhawngin mi vawkchaw bel ami chawtlang a keih thu a sawi te kha aw...... A hnungzanga hliam a tawrhna ser zozai te kha. Tunah lem, natna khumah thih sualin a let reng si. Zoram tan a tha a thawh a, a hmangaih Zoram hian a hre reng ta lo em ni? MNF rorel lai a ni a, MNF hruaitu pakhat talin, vawi khatte tal pawh, a damlo rawn kan ta se, ka pa chu a va hlimin a va lawm dawn tak em. India sorkar chuan a sipai bang tawh te pawh nise a ngaihsak thin asin.....


             Chawngtea kan awm lai khan ka pa kha pa tlawmngai thei tak niin an sawi thin a. Ka hriat ve chinah chuan thatni ah a inthlahrung a, chhiatni ah erawh a tlanchhe ngai lo thung. Kum 50 a pelh hnu thleng khan a thianpa, Pu Saikhuma (L) nen thlanlaihna ah, tlangval thlanlai thlithlai turin an la kal zak zak thin. Mitthi an awmin chhun leh zanah a kal a, mahse, inchhunga zai  tluk tluk lam erawh a ti ve vak lo. Lunglei lama kan chhoh hnu hian a lo upa ve deuh tawh nen, bawrhsawmna in a tlakbuak zeuh zeuh a; thian leh hmel hriat vak a nei lo bawk nen, mitthi lumen zan hian a kal ve zuai a, mahse ngawi rengin pawnah a thu a, ngawi rengin a haw leh mai thin; chhun lamah erawh ka nu nen an kal ngei ngei thin thung. Tun hnua ka ngaihtuah let chang hian, Chawngte a lo ngai ngawih ngawih thin te kha, chiatni-thatnia thurualpui tur a nei ta lo kha a ni berin ka hre ta. Khawthlang lam mikhual mitthi an awm erawh chuan zanlai a ni emaw, eng hun pawh nise, ka nu nen an kal ngei ngei thin. Khawvar hun an nghak ngai lo. Hetiang lamah hian ka pa hi ka tluk lo khawp mai. Kum 55 a tlin tawh hnuah pawh zan khawdur leh khawpui ri dur dur karah ruang zuiin 402 truck hnungah a la chuang zak zak asin.


Zunthlum leh thisen sang

            Ka pa hian thisen sang leh zunthlum a vei ta hlauh mai a. Rinaiin a zunthlum hi a sang thei a, a thisen sang pawh hi, sang thei tak a ni. Ka pa sa duh leh tui tih ber chu vawksa hi a ni a, hetia thisen sang leh zunthlum a neih hnu hi chuan a ei chak ber pawh ei ngam lovin a insum ve hle thin. Kum 2004 kum atang khan a thisen sang lutuk vangin a mit a khawlo ta a. Gauhati lam te pawh kan pan ve zak zak na a, a hnu ah chuan a mitmu a pawt sawi a, a hmai a pawt sawi tan ta bawk a. A mit a lo danglam ta mai hi amah pawhin mak a ti a, a chang chuan a nuih te pawh a za deuh hial thin. Hemi hnu phei hi chuan a inkiltawih a, mihrang daih kianga awm phei chu nuam a ti lova, a taptawm hle a, khawtlangah a hmel a lang khat ta hle a ni.       

Malignant tumour

            Tuk khat chu ka pa a dam lo va, a khua sik ser ser a, khumah a mu a. A nghawng ka en sak chu a lo vung bur mai. Doctor entir turin ka sawm a, naktip maia ka nu zin lo haw nghah a duh vangin inentir chu kan thulh ta a. Ka nu lo hawn hnua an inentir chuan ka pa nghawng chu cancer a lo ni reng mai. Ka va rap in thin ava thawng tehreng em. Cancer tih hian thihna rim a nam nghal tlat. Cancer hi first stage vel anih chuan tihdam a la awlsam tih ka hria. A cancer hming chu lymph nodes carcinoma a lo ni a. A rang thei ang berin Aizawl panin ka nu nen, ka nau nen an phei ta a. Heta tang hi chuan kan hmalam hun thim zia ka hria a, enge kan chungah lo thleng dawn ka suangtuah lawk ngam lo. A chhe ber pawh thleng tura inpuahchah lawk a ngai tih erawh ka hre chiang. Aw, cancer hi ka va han haw tehlul em.


            Ka pa khan thil ei tha thei chu nise lei sak kan huam asin maw le. A duhzawng sanghate chhum a ni a, vang eng ang pawh nise kan zawng tang tang thin. A tuihang chauh a in theih hnu thleng pawh khan lei tur kan la zawng zel a, a man thin kan hriatte pawh kan chah lawm lawm anih kha. A dam theih mial takah tia tawngtai dam thei kan pan thin te, zut thiam leh khawih thiam kan pan thin zozai te kha... miin tha an tih ang chu beiseina sang tak nen kan han ti ve thin tak na a, beidawnna mai chauhvin min hmuak leh si. Thla tam tak chemotherapy treatment laa Aizawla kan awm hnuah doctorin "Beisei tur a awm ta lo, last stage a ni tawh e," tia ka nu a hrilh tuma ka nu rilru mangan zia te kha aw.


           Cancer hi a rapthlak a, a veite na tuar lai hmuh chuan a lo nat zia leh a lo rapthlak zia a hriat reng mai. Duh thlan theih chu ni ta se, thi tur rau rau ni ta ila, cancer hi chu ka thlang lo chiang khawpin ka ring. Mahse, cancer veite hian Pathian lam hawina hun tha tak an nei a, an thih boral hnua chhungkaw khawsak zel dan tur te rel felin, thurochhiah fel fai tak an siam hman bawk a, an thlarau chhandama la awm ve lo te paw'n inhmuhchhuahna hun tha tak leh Lal Isua hnena inlamletna hun tha, khawngaihna hun, an nei thei thin. A lehlam taka ngaihtuah chuan, na hre hman miah lova thih thut ai chuan cancer vanga thih chu a thlanawm hle lawi si awm e.


Tuar a chhel

           Cancer natzia kan hre theuih ang a, ka pa pawh hian na a ti khawp mai. Mahse, inleng te awm lai leh an hriat turah chuan a rum ri duh lo hrim hrim a. A lu na lutuk, ngawi renga a indawm kun ngawih ngawih te kha mitthlain ka hmu reng thin. A sipai tan laia an man tuma an dawp chhuah zawh lo tuma an sawisak nasat zia leh thi mai tura an kalsan dan an sawi thin te pawh kha ka hrechhuak rum rum mai. Ka pa hian mahni ngeia inthiar loh chu a duh reng reng lo. A damloh nat viau pawhin khumah zun leh ek thiar a duh lova, amahin bathroom a pan ngat zel. Amaha a kal theih loh pawhin kai chungin bathroom a pan thin. A damloh chhung hian zun leh ek thiar sak ngaiin a awm duh lohrim hrim. Hetiang hi anih tlat avang hian a ruk tak chuan kan ngaih pawh a la tha a, hetiang em hi kan thlen mai pawh kan la beisei pha lo asin maw le.

Kha ni tak kha aw

            Dt 18.4.2006, Thawhlehni tuk zing a ni a, a ei theih zawng sanghate lei tur kan hmu zo lo, sangha lian kan han lei a, kan chhum a, a tuihang kan pe; mahse a lem thei tareng reng lo. A lem chhun pawh a phuh chhuak leh vek. "Ka awmah hian min hnawh tlat, damdawiin i pan ang u" a ti ta mai a. Kan insiam nghal sawk sawk a. Kan insiam chhungin ngawi rengin, a rukin, thei leh thei lovin bathroom lam a pan a. A lo chhuak lam chu, a kal pai khut khut a, rang takin an va dawm vat a.

           Chumi tuk chaw ei khamah chuan damdawiin kan pan ta a. Motora kan chuan lai pawhin chau takin a thaw kawk kawk a, en mai pawhin thawk a harsat hle a ni tih a hriat reng mai. Damdawiin kawtah rei mawi tawk kan nghah hnuin step chho zet maiah ka pa chu ka paw chho ta a. Keimah aia palian zawk leh rit zawk thin ka pa chu a lo zang tawh kher mai. Hei hi ka vawi khat puakna a ni a, chu chu khawvel awm chhunga ka puak tawp berna a ni ta nghal bawk. A damna tur chu nise, nitin puak pawh ka hreh lo asin maw le.

            Aw, kan damlai ni te hi a lo va rei lo tak em. Damna duhin damdawiin kan pan a, mahse kan thihna tur  khuanu ruat chu kan pumpelh thei chuang si lo. Damdawiinah darkar tam kan awm hman lo va, damdawiin kan pan ni, Dt 18.4.2006, chawhnu dar khat leh a chanve velah he khawvela let leh ngai tawh lo turin a thlarau a thlah ta; ka pa a awm ta lo.  Dam leh hram inbeiseina nen damdawiin kan pan a, damna run pawhin ka pa damna a thlen zo ta lo. Thihna leh nunna inkar hi a lo va zim tak em. Ka sawi a, che tur a awm tawh lova, ka au va, min chhangtu a awm tah lo. A ban chak tak te kha tha nei lovin a vawt ngiai tawh. Mi tam tak zingah khua ahar ngawih ngawih a, ka bing chuk chuk a, ka insum zo lo. Vawi khat na reng reng chu ka pa tan ka biangah lungngaih mittui a luang ta. Kum kha leh chen a hnung ka lo zui thin ka pa kha tunah chuan zui tur a awm ta lo.


            Hla phuah thiam chu ni ila aw, heti hian ka ti mai tur:

Hlim leh lungdam tea kan lenlaiin

An sawi cancer hrang vangin maw

Ngaihlai zuapa'n dairial a chang ta. 

Fam dairial chang a rihsang mual i liam ni khan

I hraileng leh i thai duhlai hrilh a hai ngei
Kan tuar an vanpui a lo chim e.
 

I tello chuan e, zuapa, ka run chhung hi

Luah loh run iang a dai ruai e

Damlai kawng chhuk chho zawh hi

Kan zuam mawlh lo i tel lo chuan.

                 Hla phuah thiam ka ni ve miau si lova le, chuvangin heti hian ka'n chham zawk mai teh ang:

I sul i hnu leh i hlimthlate mai hi maw 

I hraileng te'n kan chantawk ni ta le.

I hlim nui ri leh i zai ri mawi te kha

A cham reng e thinlai ruk ah

Chhungkim tea hlimlai ni te 

A chuai zo ta, i tel lo chuan.


Tlangtin mualtin hruta kan tuanna
Sirva te riahrun tukloh ramdai 
Mahriak te'n ka rawn fang leh e
Awmkhua a har, lung a leng ngei e.

Kan ngai em che, aw zuapa nunnem

Hringmi changin lamang lo kir leh rawh.
Kir zai rel a rem loh pawn e
Tawnmangah tal lo leng n'ang che.

Cancer hi 'nga ti nge a hluar em em le?

            Heti taka cancer a hluar ta mai hi enge a chhan ni dawn le? Kan ramah hian enga ti nge cancer a hluar tak em em le? Kan chenna hmun a that loh vang chu a ni lo phawt a. Kan lifestyle vang hi anih ka ring. Kan ei leh in tam tak, kan ei dan phung leh kan ei thin te hian cancer min thlen thei niin a lang. Kan ei duh zawng a tawp em em a. Kan tui tih zawng te hi a tawp leh a tenghneng lampang a ni tlangpui. Kan thil ei duh leh kan tui tih zawng te lah hi ei chin tawk kan hre der bawk si lo. Kuhva hi kan ei nasa hle a. Hnamdang pawhin an ei ngei mai. Mahse mizopa kuhva ei ang em ema nasa hian hnamdang hian an ei ka ring lo. Cancer thlen theitu thil hi carcinogens an ti a. Heng carcinogens te hi kuhva rah ah te, meikhu ur avanga "inting" ah te, meizial/vaihl ah te hian carcinogens an awm bawk. Kuhva tih thlum nana kan hman thin saccharin (mono-sachharin) te pawh hi normal cell atanga cancer cell-a a inleh laia tanpuitu tha ber (promoter) niin an sawi bawk.

            Radiation pe chhuak thei elements thenkhat te hi kan leilungah hian an tam a ni mai thei bawk. Hei hi chu ka ring vak lem lo. Han tam na se chuan hman a hmanah khan an hmuchhuak daih tawh ang chu.

         
Zuapa tel lovin chhungkua:

             Ka pa hova hlim taka kan nuih dar dar lai te kha khawvel vir vel hian a herliam pui ta a, kan tan chuan nunhlui mai an chang zo ta. Kan nunhlui te kan hlimlai te zawng zawng kha mitthla ah mai lo chuan hmuh tur a awm ta lo. Pa uap lum loh chhungkua han nih tak mai chuh a va huphurhawm tak em. Tunah chuan hmeithai chhungkua kan ni ve ta reng mai. Thihna te hi midangte chanpual bik a lo ni lo. Kan zavaia kan chunga la thleng theuih tur a ni zawk. A then an kal hmasa ang a, a then an kal hnuhnung ang. Khawvela kan rawn luh dan hi chu a in ang tlang thawkhat a, khawvel kan chhuahsan dan erawh a lo inthlau thei khawp mai. Damlo khuma mu reng chung pawh kha nise, ka pa a la thawk theih tek tek chhung chuan chhungkaw uap lumtu pa kan la nei.

           Pa tello chhungkua hi a va lo zahawm lo tak em. Chhungkaw zahawmna hi pa ah a lo innghat thui hle a ni tih ka hre ta. Kan inchhung ka han en a, a ruak huai mai; ka pa ka va han ngai thin tak che em. Damlo, che thei lo leh zun leh ek thiar ngaia englai pawha buaipui ngaia awm tur tal pawhin lo let leh hram se ka va han ti thin tak em. I sulhnu te ka thlir chang hian lung a leng thin. Tunah zet zawng i hlimthla leh i sulhnu mai hi kan chantawk a ni zo ta.

              Hla phuah ngaihna lam hre lo mah ila, ka pa thih cham ah tal hi chuan zahna zawng zawng hnuchhawn vekin, khaw'nge vawi khat chauh tal ka'n chham leh teh ang:

Khua chuanin ami leng zawng te ka thlir

Zuapa leh chunnu hliap zar hnuaiah

Hlim te'n an leng e runin chhungah.

Senlai nau ang tahna run thim hnuaiah

Suihlung a leng, chhingmittui a hnam

Zuapa tel lo run dai khawhar ka bel

Lung lam ka vai hrilh a hai ngei e.

Awmhar suihlunglen zual chang nia

Fam rolung mual fan chang ni hian

Ai ang a thar leh thin thinlai ah.

Ka ngai thin chhung kima kan len lai kha

Theih chang se koh kir ka nuam mang e.

          

             Thianpa duhtak Ropuia Pachuau in min phuah zawm sak a, ka va han lawm tehreng em. Min phuah zawm sak chu hei hi a ni e:

Ka rel thiam lo run kalsiam i tel lo chuan,
Ro tin i lo rel thiam mang e.
Tapin i hlimthla kan thlir tufa lengten,
Mahse biak min chhawn tur i awm si lo.
Lentu ram dai leh Run-in tualah ,
I sul i hnu a chiar nghian e,
Aw!! fan leh ka nuam mang e nang nen;
Mahse nang zawng dai riaiin dairial i chang tawh si.

              Enge maw avanga inthenna hi chu engmah lo mai a nia, thihna vanga inthenna hi chu chatuan hawlh phak a ni tawh si. He khawvel hi chu inthenna ram mai anih hi. Pa tel lova inchhungkhur pawh hi a khawharthlak ka ti a nia....nu leh pa tello chuan chhungkua a va khawharthlakin a va ruak chiang dawn tak em. Chhungkaw zahawmna chu Pa ah a innghat a, pa tello chuan chhungkua a zahawm thei lo. Inchhung a reh ruih a, khua ahar a, a damlai hmel leh a nui hawk hawk lai hmel hmuh tur a awm tawh lova. Tunah zet chuan a thlalak thlir tur chauh kan nei ta. A hringmi taksa in he khawvel chhuahsan tawh mahse, kan thinlung chhungah hian kan dam chhungin a awm reng tawh ang a, a damlai ni te kha kan mitthlaah a cham reng tawh ang.

             A damlaia ka pa hla duh em em, Redemption Singers ho hla sak (a phuahtu ka hre tlat lo) hmang hian ka thuziak hi ka'n tlip ang e:

Chu ram mawiah chhungkim tea,

Kan inkhawm hunah chuan

Beram No fakin kan zai ang

Thlarau chawlhna ramah

     Lungduh inthen a awm tawh law'ng

     Hmangaih ram nuam

     Thlarau chawlhna ramah

Financial Planning

          Kei, economics leh business lama background chhete pawh neih aih lovina financial planning lam han ziak ve ngawt chu a zahthlakin mahni leh mahni a insit rum rum theih mai alawm le. Hetiang lampang thuziak tha tak tak dah khawm chhiar duh tan chuan Maawma leh  Lily_Parmawia  of mi(sual).com te site ah hian han lut teh u. Mizotawng ngeia ziak financial education lampang chhiar tur in hmu thei ang. An site ah hian lutin an thuziak te hi han chhiar ve teh u. Beginner tan chuan Lily_Parmawia thuziak ngat te phei hi chu chhiar a nuamin hriatthiam an awl khawp mai.

          Financial lamah hian plan mumal leh felfai tak neih hi a lo tul khawp mai  tih hi ka hmuchhuak ve tlai khawhnu anih hi. Kohhran pawh hi sum plan felfai leh awmze nei taka a kal loh chuan a buai nuai thei a. Chutiang bawkin chhungkua pawh hi financial planning mumal tak, felfai tak tello chuan a buai tlat thin. Mihausa leh sum lalut tam te, sumdawng hausa te leh sorkar hnthawk officer lian leh te deuh te erawh hi chu financial plan felfai lutuk nei lo pawhin nuamsa takin a awm theih thova, buaina an nei ngai lem lo.

           Keini ang kohhran hnuaia thawk, hlawh tlem bawk si tan chuan plan uluk taka neih hi a va lo tul tak em. Thawh chhuah a tlem si, midangte ang thovin mamawh a tam si. Thawh chhuah a tlem miau avangin mahni thawh chhuah chhun ang ang te hi uluk taka plan mumal tak nena hman anih loh chuan thla khat min daih zo thin lo. Thawk chhuak tlem tan hlei hlei hian financial planning hi a lo pawimawh anih hi maw. Pawisa neih tam hi hlimna a ni lova, pawisa neih tlem pawh hlimna a ni chuang hek lo. Kan sum lak luh mil zela kan khawsak thiam hian lungawina kan nei thei mai dawn a lo ni. 

           Financial plan mumal tak ka lo neih thin loh avangin vawi tam tak ka buai tawh thin a. Vawi khat thla hlawh lak har /tlai hlek thla apianga buaina ka tawk mai thin hi keima thiam loh a lo ni. Puk tur ka zawng a ka phi ruai thin te hi plan mumal ka neih that tawk loh vang lek a lo ni. Plan a fel thlap loh chuan mahni income aia tam hman chhuah tum a awm ta fo mai. Input aia output a tam miau chuan hmabak chu leiba nei tun chunga nun a ni tawh mai. Heng te avang hian thla hlawh lak har thla chuan puk tur ka dap ruai thin a, a chang leh ka hlawh lakna bank ah over draft (pay day loan) ka dil fo thin. Enga ti nge mi te hi an indaih bik a, an hlawh an kham bik a, puk tur an zawn ve ruai thin loh? Keimah ah hian dik lo a awm em ni? Financial planning lamah awareness ka lo neih that tawk loh vang a ni ber mai tih ka hre chhuak ta.

          Financial plan tha tak nei thei tur chuan a hnuai ami te hi ka zawm hram a ngai tlat mai le:


1.    Retirement plan:

           Nakinah kan la dam zel te a nih chuan hna thawh theih loh hun leh tar hun te kan nei theuh ang. Chumi hunah chuan engtin nge kan khawsak ve tak ang le? Hna thawk thei lova kan la awm hun atana zawi zawia sum kan lo khawl ve hlek hlek hi a tul hle a ni. Kan thihsan anih pawhin kan chhung te’n an lo hmang tangkai tho tho ang. Pension hi sorkar hnathawk tan chauh emaw kan ti thin hi a dik lo. Tu tan pawh pension hi neih ve theih reng a ni. Sorkar hnathawk ho hian an thawh chhung zawngin an hlawh atanga 10% emaw, a aia tam emaw an cut sak a, chumi tling khawm leh a pung nen, a tawpah chuan a lo tam ta em em thin. Sorkar hnathawk kher lo pawh hian pension tur kan contribute theih chuan pension kan nei ve thei dawn tihna a ni. Hetah hian a chhiar zawm theih e.


2.    Emergency fund:

           Mihring hun tawnah hian that lai hun chauh kan tawng lo va, chhiat tawh leh damloh nikhua pawh kan tawng fo thin. Heng hunah te hian engtin nge sum kan hman mai tur kan hmuh tak ang le? Hetiang ang huna hman mai tur kan neih theih nan Emergency fund account hran kan neih a tul niin mithiam te chuan an sawi a. Chu account ah chuan zawi zawiin sum kan vawm lut ang a, a tir lamah chuan a tlemin a beitham hle ang; mahse a lo rei tial tial ang a, nakinah chuan a lo tam ve tial tial ang a, mangan nikhua leh harsatna a lo thlen thutin pawisa hman mai tur kan nei thei ang.
            

3.    Life insurance:

            Chhungkaw chawmtu ni la, nangmah ah i chhungte, i nupui leh fanaute innghat ta tlat mai se, vanduaina i chungah a thleng palh ta se, i chhungte engtin nge an lo awm zel tak ang. I lo boral palh hlauh pawha i chhungte’n sum enge maw zat tal an lo lak ve theihna tura intiamkamna felfai tak company emaw Post office nen emaw a siam a nihin, chu chu Life insurance a ni. Life insurance hi sum dah khawlna a ni lo tih hi hriat reng tur a ni. Life insurance ina a tum ber chu zan khat mit-chhin tawh palh thut pawha sum tam tham tak, kan chhung te’n an lo dawn ve theihna tur atana ruahmanna a ni. Life insurance ah hian ULIP te, endowment te, whole life insurance te leh term insurance te a awm a. A theih hram chuan term insurance hi a tha ber. A duh tan hetah hian a chhiar zawm theih e.

4.    Investment:

           Investment hi zawi zawia sum khawl khawk bek bek leh kan sum khawl khawm sa te peipun dan a ni mai a. Private company thenkhat ah te, Financial institution hrang hrang ah te, mimal hnenah te, Real estate ah te, Bank ah te leh Post Office ah te investment a tih theih reng a ni. Investment kan tih dawn reng rengin kan pawisa dah te a him tawk a ni tih kan hriat chianna hmun ah chauh investment kan ti tur a ni a, mimal kutah phei chuan tih loh hram tur a ni. Tin, a punna (interest rate) sang lutuk ho hi A HIM LO tlang pui. A chhan chu, harsa taka kan thawh chhuah sa kan sum te kha engtin nge nasa takin an peipun tak ang?

          Bank leh Post Office ah te hian a him khawp mai. Tlem te tea bul tan duh tan chuan  Bank leh Post Office ah te hian recurring deposit hmangin bul tan mai tur a ni. Tin, mutual fund SIP hi a tha khawp bawkin ka hria. ULIP tak hi chu charge neuh neuh a tam avangin tha ka ti lem lo.


5.    Planning for childrens:

       a)    Children’s education:

          Naupang te an lo than len hian, an zirna atana insensona a sang tulh tulh a. Pawl 10 hnuai lam chu a man a tlawm pawh ti mah ila, mahni ina duh ang thala kan zirtir theih si loh chuan sum tam tak sengin hostel ah indah a tul leh thin. Kan fa te’n phai lamah zirna sang zawk zir dawn ta se, airna hmun tha ah chuan Entrance test an nei deuh zel a, chumi a tling thei tur chuan nasa taka an lo inpuahchah ve a tul a. Coaching hial an kal ve a tul thin. Doctor, engineer, MCA, MBA, etc zir tur chuan kum khatah sum nuai tel sen a lo tul thin. Hetih huna pawisa puk chawp lova kan awm theih nan, nakina kan fa te zirna tur pual liau liau vin sum kan lo dah khawl lawk a tul a ni.


       b)    Children’s marriage:

             Kan fa te an lo upat in, nupui/pasal nei rual lo ni ve ta se, chumi hunah chuan inneih sawngbawl nan sum tam tham tak mamawh a ni ngei dawn. Mizo inneihna hi chu hnamdang inneihna nena tehkhin chuan a hautak lo em mai, pawh kan ti maithei. Tulaiah mi kan inti changkang tawh a, khawpuia kan inneihna te hi a hautak em em tawh a ni tih hi hai rual a ni lo.  Sapho tihdan anga mitlemte tana inneihna buatsaih ngawt lah hi kan society in a la remti chiah lova, upa lam ngaihdan pawh a ni lo bur bawk. Tum mah la, a rem chuang lo. Inneihna hi khawtlang huap a ni a, a hautak chho zel dawn. Puk chawp bawkin em ni kan buaipui dawn le? Fapa tan nupui man, inneih thuamhnaw, an thian te thuamhnaw, lawi kawr, khum, inneih cake, thingpui, biakin cheina, zungbun, coat suit, mo hruaina motor, ruai buatsaihna tur sum thahnem tak nen. Insensona tur a sang hle ang. Puk chawp anih chuan a rulh leh lam a hautak tham ngawt dawn si a, chuvangin kan fate kan hmangaih takzet anih chuan an inneih ni a hman atan pawisa engemaw zat tal kan dahtha lawk tur a ni ang. Hmmmm.... huphurhawm thin mang e.


6.    Savings for buying house:

            Mahni chenna tur ngei in sak ve hi kan tih makmawh, kan kova tla a ni a. Kan sum lakluh mil tawk tal in kan sak ve theih a tul hle a ni. Ka sum lakluh a tam loh miau chuan in tha tak, mite sak ang sak ve chu ka beisei kher tur a ni lo. In chhete tal ka sa ve thei anih ngai chuan nu leh pa kan thih boral hnu ah pawh, fa te, baihvai leh mi ina awm kual mai mai lovin mahni inah eng tin tin emaw an lo khawsa ve naw naw thei dawn ani. Mahni puala in nei lo chuan a thawh chhuah atangin in luah man thlatin a pek a lo ngai reng tawh ang a. In luah man lah a kum telin a sang tual tual bawk si. Mi in luah chuan eng thil pawh inchhung khurah thawk se, a la chhuahsan leh tho tur in a ni miau va, duh ang taka cheibawl pawh a phurawm lohva, a chakawm hek lovang. Mahni in ngei luah erawh chuan eng thil tha pawh mahni inchhung ah thawk se, chung te chu amah leh a chhungkaw ta vek tur a ni. Thingtlangah chuan in sak mai a harsa lo, mahse khawpui ah zet zawng insak chu sawi loh, a sakna hmun tur ringawt pawh neih a harsa a nih hi.


7.    Savings for buying land:

            Leilung hi a hausa a, leilung hausakna hi hai chhuak thei tur chuan mahni in ram (huan) neih ngei tur a ni. Leilung hausakna han tih hian oil leh rangkachak khur lam kher a kawk lo. Mahni huan atangin buh leh bal, thlai, thei leh chawhmeh chi hrang hrang a thar chhuah teuh theih a. Sum lakluh nan hmang kher lo mah ila chhungkaw intodelhna atan a tangkai em em a ni. Thilman a sang tial tial a, ei leh in man a sang zel a, chawhmeh man phei chu a zuan hian a zuang kang awk awk thin. Mahni eitur thar chhuah ve theihna tur huan, zimte tal pawh nise, neih hram hram hi a lo tha dawn khawpin ka hria.


8.    Savings for buying property: 

           Inchhung khur mamawh chi hrang hrang te hi an man a to hlawmin a hranpaa sual chhuah ngai te an ni hlawm deuh zel a. Heng steel almirah, chair, table, bel bawm, TV set, DVD player, Tape deck, inverter, washing machine, micro-wave oven, etc. an man tam hlawm a, chhungkaw mamawh an ni ve bawk si, mahni hlawh atang ringawta lei tum chu a harsa hle. Computer, laptop, digital camera leh mobile phone handset te pawh hi mahni hlawh atanga han lei mai hi chu har tak a ni. Hetiang ang lei tur chuan mahni hlawh atanga tlem tlema lo inkhawl ve ker ker a ngai thin.

           Ka ziak thui hle mai. Mahni subject ni miah lo mahse, ka tana a tangkai dawn em avangin a pawimawh zual tlem azawng ka han hrut thuak thuak anih hi. Thawk chhuak tam apiangin an khawl tam ang a, a thawk chhuak tlem chuan an khawl tlem mai tur a ni. Thawh chhuah a tlem avang maia khawl tum miah loh hi nakin hun atan leh chhungkaw tan a tha miah lo ani tih hriat reng tur a ni. Kei ang income tlem lutuk leh a hun taka hlawh la lova awm thin ngat tan phei chuan financial planning hi a lo tul takzet a ni.

Vaccine leh immunity

           Vaccine tih hi kan tawng tualleng pakhat chu a ni ve tep tawhin ka hria. Natna khirh deuh leh hrileng a awm chang apianga kan hmuiphun nena inrem ve ziah thin chu "Vaccine" tih thumal hi a ni awm e. He thil hi medical lam hian an inti tatu deuh thinin ka hria a, mahse a hria te'n an ziak tha duh miau si lova, kei hian ka han ziak leh poh a ni ang chu. Medical science background nei ka nih loh vangin kei chuan microbiology leh biotechnology lam point of view atangin ka rawn ziak ve thawr anih hi.

Vaccine chu enge?

           Vaccine hi chu kan hriat theuh angin natna hrik laka kan taksa a lo him theihna tura kan taksa chhunga natna hrik thi tawh (heat killed pathogen) emaw, natna hrik sawisak chauh tawh (weakened pathogens) emaw, an taksa peng emaw an product te emaw thunluh hi, heta an thil thunluh hi Vaccine chu a ni. Helam pang hi chu mi tam zawk hriat hnua ni bawk a, a aia pawimawh sawi ang.

Immune system

           Vaccine sawi lai laia immune system han sawi daih te chu, pawh a tih theih tho na a, a inzawm mauh mai si a, sawi tel a ngai tlats. Kan immune system ah hian Cells chi hnih B cells leh T cells te an awm a. Heng Cells chi hnih tang kawp te hian natna hrik thisen leh cells a lo lut tlang te chu an beihrawn thin a, an tichhia in an tihlum thin. B cells ho hian direct in natna hrik an bei ve lova, an aiah natna hrik bei turin antibodies an siam chhuak chiam thin. Heng antibodies te hian an milpui natna hrik chiah chiah an bei thei thin.

            Mahni taksa ami nilo, pawnlam thil reng reng, natna min thlen thei emaw thlen thei lo pawh nise, foreign bodies tawh phawt chu taksa hian a ngaithei miah lova, taksa hian a bei nghal chat thin. Hetiang foreign bodies ho zawng zawng hi antigens an ti. Antigens te hi B-cells leh T- cells te hian rang takin an bei thin a ni. An inbeihna reaction pawh hi a nasa in a sang em em a, nasatakin taksa pawhin a tawrh chang a awm thin. Antibodies chikhatin an beiha theih chu antibodies dangin an bei ve thei lo.

            T-cells ho hian direct in antigens an bei thin a, B-cells erawh chuan antibodies tam tak a siam chhuak a, chumi hmang chuan a bei thin ve thung. B-cells leh T-cells te hi an pawimawh em em a, a chi hrang hrang te'n kim taka hna an thawh theuh chauhvin natna lakah kan fihlim thei thin a lo ni.

            Entirna pakhat lo sawi ta ila: T-cells te hi chi hrang hrang an awm a (killer T-cells, suppressor T-cells leh helper T-cells), chung zinga a khawi emaw ber pawh kim lo ta se, taksa tan a hlauhawmin natna a do chak thei lo reng reng thin. AIDS thlentu natna hrik HIV hian hleper T-cells a bei thin a, taksa ah helper T-cells a lo tlem tial tial thin. a Chumi avang chuan taksa in a full in natna a do zo lo tial tial thin. (Helper T-cells te hian T-cells nasa taka in thlah pung turin a tanpui a, tin, B-cells in antibodies a siam chhuah dawnah nasa takin a pui thin bawk). Immune system-a a peng pakhat te pawhin hna a thawk tha lo anih chuan taksa tan a pawi em em thin.

            B-cells ve thung chuan, taksa ah antigens an lut a ni tih signal a dawn veleh plasma cells tam tak a siam chhuak a, plasma cell pakhat hian antibodies tam tak a siam chhuak thin. Second khat chhungin antibodies molecules 2000 vel a siam thei. Taksa in antibody a siam chhuah hian, antigen bei thei tur, a milpui chiah chiah a siam thin a. Antigen hrang hrang tan antibody chi hrang hrang a siam chhuak anih chu. Taksa ah antibody awm teuh pawh nise, an milpui chiah chiah lo chu an bei thei miah lo.


Memory T-cells and antibodies

          Taksa in antigens lo lut bei tura T-cells leh B-cells tam tak a siam chhuah te chu rei lo te ah an thi boral ve leh mai a. Chung zingah chuan a damrei pawl an awm a. Chung a damrei pawl ho chuan sipaiin an ram hneh an luah ang maiin taksa ah duty in rei tak an dam thin. heng ho hi memory cells an ti a. Natna ngai chiah taksa ah a rawn lut leh vaih anih chuan rang takin an lo man chhuak chaih chaih thin. Memory cells te hi thla khat an dam chuan, natna ngai chiah lakah khan thlakhat chhung taksa a him dawn tihna a ni a, kum khat an dam chuan kum khat chhung a him dawn tihna a ni. He memory cells taksa ina asiam dan atang hian vaccine kan tih hi a lo chhuak ta a ni.

            Vaccine principle ah chuan, natna in taksa a run a, taksain natna a lo hneh anih chuan taksa ah memory cells te an insiam ang a, chung memory cells te chuan chu natna lakah chuan taksa an veng tlat tawh dawn a ni. Natna hrikte hi taksa ah natna siam thei lo turin sawisak emaw, tihhlum emaw phawt hnuah taksa ah dahlut ta ila. Taksa chhunga an luh veleh taksain antigens angin a lo hmu ang a, T-cells tam tak leh antibodies rualin an beihrawn nghal ang. Chu natna hrik thi tawh chuan taksa ah natna thlen lo pawh nise an bei tho ang a, chumi hnuah memory cells an siam chhuak teuh ang. Chung memory cells te chuan taksa an venghim tlat dawn a ni.

            Natna hrik tihhlum tawh emaw, natna thlen theilo tura sawisak emaw, taksa chhunga an kah luh hi vaccine chu a ni ta a ni. Vaccine taksa chhunga a luh hnuah taksa venghimtu tur sipai duty memory cells te, taksain a dah teuh ang a, chung memory cells te chu kum 10 an dam anih chuan kum 10 chhung chu natna lakah chuan taksa a himdam thei dawn tihna a lo nih chu.


Vaccine hmuh chhuah dan

           Hei hi introduction ah dah awm tak a ni a, mahse, mak takin a hnudawlah ka han dah daih anih hi. Kum zabi 18na vel ah khan England ah small pox hri a leng nasa hle mai a. Mi tam takin an thih phah a. Chutih lai chuan bawng vulhtu thenkhatin small pox an vei ve miah lo ani tih chu Edward Jenner chuan a hmu chhuak ta a. Bawngvulhtu te hian small pox aia hlauhawm loh zawk, cow pox an vei thin a, chutianga cow pox vei tawh, dam leh tawh o chuan small pox an vei ve miah lo ani tih a hre ta a. Chuti anih chuan cow pox natna hrik chu taksa ah kah luh nita se, chu chuan small pox lakah taksa a ven theih a ring ta tlat mai a ni. Tunge natna khirhkhan tak lak atanga him inbeisei vanga natna hrik dang taksaa dah luh duh ta ang le? A risk a sang khawp mai. Jenner-a huanpu fapa mipa naupang kum riat mi James Phillip lakah experiment a ti thei ta hlauh mai. Hemi kum hi kum 1796 a ni a, bawnghnute sem thin Sarah Nelmes-i cow pox vanga taksa bawl pan chhunga thil tui la chhuakin chu naupang banah ah chuan Edward Jenner chuan a chiu luh sak ta a. Chu naupang chuan a banah cow pox natna bawl leh pan a rawn lang chhuak a; a hnuah naupang taksa ah chuan small pox natna hrik a han chiu lut a, mahse thihna thlen theitu natna rapthlak tak small pox erawh a vei ve ta reng reng lo. Naupang taksaa cow pox hrik dahluh anih avangin naupang chuan small pox lakah resistance a lo nei ta anih chu. Hei hi vaccine lo chhuah tanna chu a ni ta.

Photo: Edward Jenner

           Edward Jenner-a thil hmuhchhuah avang hian mi sang tam takin an nunna an humhim theih phah ta a, chuvang chuan Edward jenner pawh, tun thlengin khawvelin a hming a theinghilh thei tawh lova, "Father of Immunology" tia hriat reng a ni kumkhua tawh dawn a ni.


Vaccine chi hrang hrang te:

            Kan sawi ta sa sa, sawi zawm zel ang aw. Natna hrik tihhlum hnu emaw tih chauh hnu emaw, taksaa kah luh vaccine chauh ni lovin, vaccine chi hrang hrang kan nei ta. Vaccine te hi virus atanga siam anih chuan viral vaccine an ti a, bacteria atanga siam a nih chuan bacterial vaccine an ti ve thung.

1. First generation vaccine:

            Natna hrik taksa pumpui vaccine atan hman a nih hian first generation vaccine an ti. Chi thum lai a awm a. Heat killed or killed -Virus emaw bacteria emaw kha an tihhlum hmasa phawt a, vaccine atan an hmang thin. Inactivated - Virus emaw bacteria emaw kha inthlahpung thei miah lo turin an khawih zal hmasa thin. Attenuated - Virus emaw bacteria emaw, a nung lai ngei vaccine atan hman a ni. Hetiang atana an hman ho hi chu an inthlahpung chak lo em em a, taksaah natna an thlen meuh lo. Attenuated hi a thawk chak ber a, mahse risk erawh a sang deuh chuan ka hria.

            Bacteria thenkhat hian taksa ah tur a siam chhuak thin a, chu tur chu ka damloh pui thin a ni. He tur hi toxins an ti. Toxins te chakna hi biomolecules, proteins an ni tlangpui a, formaldehyde nen an sawisak hnuah tur toxin chuan a tur nihna a hloh ta a, toxin ni tawh lovin toxoids a lo ni a ni. Toxoids hi vaccine ang thovin taksaah, natna laka taksa veng turin an chiu lut thin. eg. tetanus toxoid hi tetanus tur, tetanospasmin atanga siam a ni. Hetiang vaccine hi toxoid vaccine an ti.

2. Second generation vaccine:

            He vaccine hi sub-unit vaccine an ti bawk. Bacteria taksa peng engpawh (capsule, pili, etc) hi vaccine angah a hman theih. Entirna pakhat lo sawi ta i la; bacteria te hian an bei ngheh nan pili (hmul ang tak) an mamawh a; pili chu an extract a, chu chu vaccine angin an hmang ta a. Taksaa a luh veleh taksa ah amah do turin antipili antibodies tam tak a insiam ta a. Chu antibodies chuan cell a bacteria bet thei tur a veng tlat thei a, tichuan bacteria in cell a bei thei miah lo tihna anih chu.

            Tin bacteria chhah taka tuamtu kawrah hian polysaccharides chi hrang hrang an awm a, chu chu an extract a, vaccine atan an hmang bawk. Hetiang hi pneumonia natna thlentu Streptococcus pneumoniae tan vaccine hlawhtling tak an siam bawk.

3. Third generation vaccine

            Chi hnih a awm a: recombinant DNA vaccine leh recombinant protein vaccine. Thil inzawm reng a ni a. Recombinant DNA a awm chuan recombinant protein siam chu thil harsa a ni lo, a chhan chu DNA atangin protein a insiam chhuak thei miau si a. (Recombinant DNA technology hi genetic engineering a ni a, ka peih chuan ka la ziak ang; mahse mizotawnga ziak chu a huphurhawm khawp ang le).

            Hetiang vacine hi chu a technology a sang deuh a, recombinant DNA technology hmangin an siam chhuak thin. Viral DNA emaw Bacterial DNA emaw an duhlai ber an la chhuak phawt a, chu an DNA extract sa chu plasmid ah an clone pung chiam a. (Tin, DNA hi  PCR hmangin an ti pung chiam thei bawk). Heng DNA te hi an extract leh a, chu chu vaccine atan an hmang ta thin a ni. DNA hian protein a siam chhuak thin a. Taksaa kah luh a nih veleh taksa ah protein a insiam a, chu protein chu rang takin immune system in a lo man chhuak nghal a, T-cells chi hrang hrang leh antibodies a rawn siam chhuak ta teuh va. Chung zinga thenkhat chu memory cells ah insiamin rei tak taksa an venghim thei a ni. Hetiang hi DNA vaccine an ti. Recombinant DNA Vaccine hi risk a la sang deuh na a, a hlawhtling tak tak anih chuan tha ber leh awlsam ber tura ngaih a ni. Hlawhtling takin bird flu vaccine an siam chhuak.

             DNA te hi plasmid ah dah luh anih hnuin, plasmid chu bacteria ah an dahlut a, an culture a, an inthlah pung chiam a, culture chamber atangin protein an siam chhuahte an la chhuak a. Chu protein chu vaccine atan an hmang bawk. Hepatitis B vaccine chhuak thar ho kha a tlangpuiin hi recombinant viral proteins vaccine an ni.

Passive leh active immunity:

            Kan taksaah vaccine kan kah luh avanga taksaa antibodies a rawn insiam a, natna hrik ngai chiah lo lut leh tur laka min ven hian, chu immunity chu active immunity an ti. Vaccine hi siam chawp a nih vangin artificial active immunity an ti thin bawk. Kan taksaa natna hrik lut tawh vanga kan taksaa natna do theitu a insiam hian active immunity tho a ni a, mahse thlentir chawp a nih loh vangin natural active immunity an ti.

            Kan taksa chhunga insiam ni lova, antibodies awmsa, insiam sa, kan taksa chhungah a lut a, chu chuan kan taksa ah immunity a siam chuan passive immunity an ti. Blood serum kan tih ho ah hian antibodies tam tak a awm thin a, chutiang chu artificial passive immunity an ti. Tin nausen hian an taksa ah natna do theihna an nei lo va, nu taksa atangin antibodies siamsa an dawng thin a. Chu chu natural passive immunity an ti bawk. Tin, kan hriat belh ve mai mai atan, antibodies hi hybridoma technology hmangin laboratory ah an siam chhuak thin bawk.Heta antibodies an siam chhuah hi monoclonal antibodies an ti.

Nausen leh natural immunity

            Nausen te hi an pianhlim hian an taksa a la no em em a, natna do theihna (immunity) an taksa ah a la insiam ve thei miah lo. Mahse natna do theihna an nei ve tho si. Eng tiangin nge ni le? Nu in nau a pai laiin ama taksaa antibodieas a siam te chu laihrui kaltlangin chhul chhunga naute a pe chhawng thin a. Heng antibodies siamsa te hmang hian naute chuan natna do theihna immunity a lo nei ve thei thin. Tin, nu hnute tui chhuak hmasa, rawng eng lam deuh, hnang ban lampang lek lek hi colostrum an ti a, hetah hian taksa siamtu protein leh natna do theitu antibodies a tam em em thin. Hei vang hian hnute tu chhuak hmasa colostrum hi nausenin an hne ngei ngei tur a ni. Nu taksaa antibodies siamsa naute ina a dawn hmang hian naute chuan natna do theihna a lo nei ve ta thin a ni. Heng antibodies te hi a tlangpuiin thla thum atanga thla ruk a dam a, tin sentut natna hrik do theitu antibodies te hi nausen taka ah thla 12 atanga thla 15 thleng an dam thei bawk. Naupai laia vaccine lak pawimawh zia, tihian  ka hre thei mai awm e.
       

             Khing vaccine chi hrang hrang ka rawn tarlan ah te khian, a chung ber ami khi a siam a awlsam ber a,  hman tlanglawn ber pawh a ni a, mahse natna hrik tak taka kha vaccine atana hman anih avangi risk  tlem a awm tel a ni.  Chuvangin a aia tha siam chhuah tumin theihtawp chhuah mek reng a ni a, second generation vaccine leh third generation vacine vek hi hman theih hun pawh a la thleng maithei hial a ni. Ka thuziak te hi, a ziaktu ang deuh hian a up-to-date vak tawh lo mai thei a, a chhiar dan tawk pawh thiam a ngai viau ang. Biotechnology hi hmalam pana kal reng a nih vangin thil thar a chhuak reng a; a enga pawh chu ni ta se, a pawimawh lai bera chu engtin nge vaccine hi an siam a, vaccine chuan engtin nge hna a thawh thin tih lai tak hi a ni awm e. A chhiar zau peih tan chuan lehkhabu hrang hrang leh internet lamah chhiar belh tur a tam khawp mai.

(Medical lam mi ka ni lova, ka hre ril lo hle. Science atangin ka rawn ziak anih hi)

Ramngaw thiah a that lohna tlemte

             Phul hmun atanga ramngaw tha tak insiam thei tur hian kum 50 atanga kum 100 lai a ngai a. Kan zo tlangram, ngaw hmun leh kawltu chawi loh zobawm thing hmun ngaw dur dup te ho kha tunah chuan thlawhbaw ram, luang hmun, di hmun leh phul hmunah te an chang zo tawh a, ram chhia, engmah thar chhuah theih tawh lohna hmunah a chang zo tawh anih hi. Ngaw thiaha tihchhiat (deforestation) hi a harsa lova, ramngaw din thar leh erawh a hautakin kum tam tak a ngai tawh thin.

             Kan ram hi kan hriat theuh angin leilung hausakna, heng lungalhthei, petroleum, leh minerals hlu tak tak rangkachak, lunghlu, thir, silver, aluminium, etc. ah te hausakna a nei lem lova. Kan ram hausakna chu ramngaw ah a innghat tlat a. Thing leh mau leh ramsa chi hrang hrang te hi kan ram leilung hausakna a ni. Heng te hi renewable resources an nih lai hian, kan enkawl that lohva, kan humhalh that loh chuan non-renewable ah an chang zo vek mai dawn a ni. Hei vang hian kan ramngaw te hi kan humhalh a tul takzet a ni.

            Pi leh pu te hunlai atanga kan cultivation system hman thin, tun thlenga kan thlah theih reng reng loh, shifting cultivation hian ram a tichhe nasa em em a, khauvin thlai hmun a suasam ang maiin a kumtelin ram a eichhe duai duai mai anih hi. He system hi bansan a, huan nghet neih lamah te, leilet leh wet terrace neih lamah kan kal a hun khawp mai.

Ramngaw thiah that lohna te:

Ramngaw thiah that lohna hrang hrang kan hre tam tawh na a, tlem ka han ziak ve hrim hrim teh ang.

1. Ramsa te chenna hmun kan tichhia:

              Ramngaw hi ramsa te tan chenna hmun nuam, riahna leh eitur tha awmna a ni a. An chenna hmun kan tihchhiat belh zel vangin kan ramah ramsa an tlem em em tawh a ni. Ramngaw kan thiah hian ramsate chenna hmun kan tihchhiatsak tihna a ni. Ramsate chenna hmun a chhiat chuan chenna tur hmundang an mamawh a, hmundangah an pem chhuah a lo ngai ta thin a ni. Kan rama hi Kristian ram a ni a, Kristian ramah ramsa te tan chenna hmun tha kan zuah sak thei lova, an chenna hmun kan tihram sak zel anih chuan, thil zahthlak tak a ni ang. Tuhmaa kan rama ramsa cheng tam tak te kha, tunah chuan hmuh mai mai tur an awm ta lo. Khawnge an awm zawh tak le? Kan ramah hian an cheng ngam ta lo a ni thei ang em?

             Ramsa mawi ti taka thlir liam ngai miah lo hnam kan ni a, ramsa ramtla lai thla lak tuma veh veh phei chu kan la tlem hmel khawp mai. Ramsa ramtla lai hmuh chuan thal tawp duhna rilru hi kan la paih hlei thei lo.

2. Ramsa te eitur kan tihbo sak:

               Lo kan vah hian kang tha hle se tia kan duh avangin thing kan zuah meuh lova, sava rahtlan tha tak pawh awm se, kan zuah chuang lo. Kumtin ram kan vah chereu zel avangin rahtlan kan kit thlu zo ta a, kan ramah sava leh ramsa te'n eitur an nei tawh lova, a pembo thei thei an pem bo mai thin.

3. Shade loving plants tan hmun a awm ta lo:

             Thlai te hi chi hnih hlawm lian tak takah then an ni a. Hlawm khat chu nisa hnuaia tha taka to chi, nisa hmuh that loh chuan thang tha thei lo an ni a, chi khat dang leh chu daihlim hnuaiah chauhva cheng thei an ni. A hmasa zawk hi Sciophytes (sun-loving plants) an ti a, a hnuhnung zawk hi Heliophytes (shade-loving plants) an ti bawk. Ramngaw kan thiah chuan chu ngaw hnuaia to ve thin Heliophytes tam tak te chu an an tuar nasa bik em em a. A hnuah chulai hmunah chuan lo tiakin lo to thar ve leh pawh nise, a zar hlim duaitu leh vawng dai ruaitu ramngaw a awm tawh dawn loh vangin a tiak chhun te pawh an than a tha lo ang a, an survive ve zo tawh kher lovang.

4. Leilung vawng daitu kan thai bo:

             Ramngaw hian leilung a vawng dai tlat a. Nisa lutuk ina lei a chhun sa tur lakah a veng tlat a ni. Hei vang hian leilunga hnawng awm te tuihu ah an kalral chak lova. Luite tui pawh tuihu ah a kal ral chak lova, leilungah hnawng a tam bawk avangin luite te pawh thal laiin an kangchat ngai lo. Ngaw thiah chereu a lo nih hian chunglai ram chu nitin nisensa takin a chhun a, khua a lumin boruak a khawro va, a lum huam huam a, leilunga hnawng awmte tuihu ah an kalral zung zung a, luite tui pawh tuihu ah a kalral nasa em em a, a chawmtu tuihna a lo tlem a, thalah a kangchat mai thin. Vawng daitu ngaw a awm loh vangin leilung a lo sa  a, a ram pumin boruak a lum huam huam thin a. Boruak a khawro leh a sat em vangin thlai atanga tui chhuak (transpiration) pawh a sang hle a, chuvang chuan leilunga tui awm te thlaiin a hip chhuah nasat phah hle bawk a ni. Luite za tam tak kangchat chuan luipui tuikuang pawh nasatakin a tihniam lo thei thin lo a ni.
 

5. Tuihawk a tam, a nu, a luang chak bawk:

           Ramngaw ah ruah a sur chuan ruahmalin thingzar leh a hnahte a deng hmasa a, thingkung leh hnah atangin zawitein a far thla fep fep a, chung ruahmal far te chu direct takin leiah an far thla lo. Thing hnuaia forest litter inchhek khawmah te a far thla a, chumi hnuah chauh leilung a thleng thla thin. Forest litter hnuaiah hian hnim tawih tawh leh leilunga insiam mek humus soil an awm a, chung te chuan tui an pawm em em a. A tam thei ang ber lei hnuai lamah an luhtir thin. Tin, ruahtui tam tak takin thing kung a a zul a, thing bul atangin leilungah tui a lut thla thin bawk. Leilung kal ral a tlem avangin tuihawk pawh a nu ve but but ngai meuh thin lova. Tuihawk pawh, a lo dangtu tur thing leh mau, leh ngaw hnuaia perhte te an tam vangin a luang chak lutuk lova, lei chunglang hang tha a luang ral tlem bik a, tuihawk a chak loh bik avangin tuilian pawh a siam nep bik thin. 

            Ngaw a awm tawh loh chuan leilung a lo sa a, a khawrova, a lo phut ta a. Chutah ruah a lo sur a, ruahsurin direct takin leilung a rawn deng hmiah hmiah a, leichar khawroah tui a lut tha thei si lova, tuihawk a lo tam a, lei vut nawi tuihawkin a len ral hiau hiau bawk a. Ruamrai khat huam chhunga tuihawk nasatak luang khawm chuan tuilian nasa tak leh force nasa tak a siam a, chu chuan luikam leilung nasatakin a ti riral a, hmun thenkhatah phei chuan chhiatna nasa tak a thlen thei thin.

6.  Lei chunglang hang tha a bo

           Point 5-na a ka sawi tawh ang khian ramngaw a awm loh chuan leilung a khawrova, a phut a, ruahin a nan a, tuihawk a tam a, a luang chak bawk a, chuvang chuan lei chunglang hang tha te pawh tuihawkin a len ral hmiah hmiah thin a. A len bo tawh chu, engtik khawtik ah mah a rawn let tawh lovang. Lei chunglang hang tha kutphah beng vela chhah siam tur hian kum 100 tam tak a mamawh thin. Kan ramchhia (degraded land) te hi han en chiang ila, lei tak leh hang tha a pan em em a, leitha pawh a awm chang chang a ni. Khawnge an awm zawh tak? Silchar phai leh Bangladesh phai ruam vela loneitu te khu kan leitha hmangin kan chawm tih hi kan hre lo fo thin.


7. Chak lakna hmun a tlem zel

             Thingtlangpa tan chuan ramngaw hi a hlu takzet a, a mamawh chak lakna hmunpui ber pakhat a ni. Huan hung nan mau a mamawh a, thil tawn nan hnang a mamawh a, ban phun nan thingtuai a mamawh a, tuah atan thing a mamawh a, insakna hmanrua zawng zawng deuhthaw ramngaw atangin a la bawk thin. Mamawh tawk lek lek lak hian ramngaw a tichereu lova, duhamna avanga sumdawnna hian ramngaw a tichereu va, tin kan loneih dan shifting cultivation hian ramngaw a tichhe nasa em em bawk thin. Ramngaw a chereu zel avangin thingtlangpa tan pawh chak lakna tur hmun a tlem tawh a, tunhmaa dai hnai lawk lawk ami an lak thin mai ang kha a ni tawh lova, ram hla tak tak ami va lak a ngai tawh thin. Mau pu khat lek keuh tur pawhin patlingin nileng hun hmanral a ngai tawh. Thingtlangpa chuan bawngtuthlawh ha leh hrei ha atan thing tha kher a duh thin a, bawngtuthlawh ha leh hrei ha tur zawng turin ramhnuai hla tak a pan vang vang a ngai tawh bawk.

8.  Forest hi food resources tha a nia sin

            Kan ramngaw hi thingtlanga cheng te tan chuan food resource tha lutuk a ni a. Mautuai, hruizik, tumbu, aidu, changkhen/kawhtebel, khaum leh thei rah chi hrang hrang (theikhawkham, thei kum, lenhmui, ramtheihai, bil, tuaitit, theitat, tatkawng, etc.) an lakna hmun a ni a. Ramngaw kan thiah nasat tawh lutuk vangin heng kan chawhmeh tha leh hlu tak tak te hi mi nazawng lak phakah an awm tawh lova, kan thei tui tak tak te pawh an vang em em tawh a ni.

9. Green house effect laka min vengtu a ni

           Ramngaw thing lian tak tak te hi carbon dioxide sink tha tak an ni a. Photosysthesis laiin carbon dioxide a hiplut a, chu carbon compound tangkai tak tak a siam chhuak a, chung te chu a taksa (biomass) ah a dahtha zel a. Hei vang hian photosynthesis hi carbon dioxide fixation an ti bawk. Carbon dioxide hi greenhouse effect thlen theitu boruak (greenhouse gas) tam tak zinga a pawimawh ber pakhat a ni a. Boruaka carbon dioxide content sang lutuk tur kha thing kung hian a taksaah a lo dah that then avangin carbon dioxide hi kan atmosphere ah a tlem phah thin. Ramngaw kan thiah hian carbon dioxide boruakah kan chhuah a, chu mai bakah a dah thatna store kan chhu chim bawk.

10. Leilunga nutrients let leh tur kan dangchat

          Thingkung lian tak tak te'n leilung atangin chawtha an hip khawm a, an taksa ah an dah tha a. A hnah tla, a rah tla, a par tla leh a tang leia tla te chu an lo tawih a, leitha ah changin nutrients te chu leilungah vek an let leh thin. Ramngaw ah hian microbial population a sang a, thil pawh an ei tawih (biodegradation) chak hle thin. Hnah tla te rang takin an tawih a, rang takin leitha a insiam a, nutrients te pawh leilungah rang takin a luang chhuak thin. Chung leilunga nutrients rang taka lo chhuak te chu thing zung tha tak taka inkaih te chuan rang takin a hip lut leh nghal thin bawk. Thing atangin lei ah, lei atangin thingah vek a let leh a, a kual a kual thin. Hei hi nutrient cycle an ti. Ngaw kan thiat a, kan halral vek hian leilunga nutrients let leh tur awm miah lovin kan ti riral vek thin tihna a ni a. Chung nutrients hlu tak tak te chu chatuan atana leilunga let leh tawh  ngai lo turin a thamral thin.


           Kan chenna leh khawsak ve na atana Pathian min pek ram hi, mite ram angin leilungah hausa lek luk ve lo mahse, thing leh mau, ramsa chi hrang hrangah kan hausa hle a. Hetiang resource hi enkawl that chuan ral ve mai mai thei lo resources (renewable resources) an ni a. Kan dimdawia kan enkawl that a, nungcha kan humhalh thiam a, an chenna tur ramngaw kan humhalh thiam hi a tul khawp mai. Kan resources tha tak tak te hi dimna leh uina nei hauh lovin kan hal kang hluah hluah zel anih hi. Ramngaw thiah hi thil harsa a ni lova, a din thar leh erawh hna hautak theihtawp ani thung. Kumtina kan thing phun ve leuh leuh hmang hian ramngaw kan siam thei ngawt miah lo, phun hnuah nasatak enkawl zui a ngai, chu chu kan peih tawh ngai reng reng lo. Hei vang hian kan ramngaw neih te hi kan duat thiam a ngai khawp mai. A chhunga cheng, a neitu te hian kan humhalh a, kan roh hle loh chuan tumahin min rawn humhalh sak dawn reng reng lo a ni tih hi kan hriat nawn fo a tul khawp mai.

                                (In hriat hnu vek ka rawn tuai thar leh pek anih hi)

Balhla

          Khawnge....mahni tuina zawng zawng hi kan phul pui leh hlut ang e. Balhla hi mizote thei chin ah chuan thei tha tak niin ka hria. Chin a awlsam a, vawikhat chin tawh chuan amahin a inthlah pung ve zel mai thin. Mizo te hian balhla chi hrang hrang kan ngah hle a, chung zing ah chuan balhla sei kual, thenkhat chuan khumtung balhla kan tih mai hi kan ching uar hle. A hmin hmel a mawi a, ei a chakawm bik a,  thlum tui em em a, a zuartu tan pawh balhla dang aiin a hralh a kal zawk in ka hria. Hei vang hi a ni mahna, kan ching uar ta khawp mai.

          Balhla hi thei thar hma tak a ni a, chin atanga kum khat ah a vui tan mai thin. vawi khat chin tawh chuan amahin a inthlah pung zung zung thin a, chin belh a ngai tawh lo. An puitlin tawh chuan enkawl a hahdam em em mai a,  kumkhatah vawi khat emaw vawi hnih emaw samfai chauh pawh a tawk thei mai., a bak chu a khat tawka tuk tura kal kha a ni deuh tawh mai.

Balhla chin dan:

           Balhla chin dan hi chu kan hre theuh ang a, mahse ziak tho teh ang. Kan chinna tur lei a tak tha viau te anih lem lo chuan khur fit 3 vela zau, fit 2 vela thukin lai ila, lei chhia leh lung hai chhuak vek ila, chumi hnu ah bawngek leitha (ro leh thi tawh) leh compost  thun ila; a bulhnaia lei chunglang hang tha hui lut ila, nasa takin chawhpawlh ila. Chumi hnu ah urea, DAP leh MOP chawhpawlh 250g telh ila. khurah chuan nasa takin chawhpawlh leh ila. Lei chu tlem hai khuar leh ila, chutah chuan balhla chi phum tawh mai tur a ni. Balhla chin hun atan hian March thla emaw April thla emaw hi a tha bik niin an sawi thin.

           Balhla chin hi thil harsa a ni lem lova. Mahni in bulah khur laiha chin mai theih a ni. Chin atanga kum 1 a ralah a vui tan mai thin a. Thei thar hma tak a ni. A kung bulah a peng an lo chawr chhuak zel a, atira kung khat chauh nei khan a lo rei chuan kung tam tak kan lo nei mai thin. A tira a chinna tur leilung uluk taka i sawisak chuan a hnu zelah enkawl zui a nuam a, a kung a tha a, a rah pawh a tha nge nge thin. Tin, dam lama chin ai chuan nikang deuh hleka chin hi, kan enkawl tha thei anih phawt chuan a tha zawk; a rah a thlum tui bik thin.

Balhla tiak phun:

           Balhla hi a peng chawr (sucker) atanga chin pun a ni deuh zel a. Mahse tunlai thiamna a changkang tawh a, tissue culture technique hmangin balhla chi tha ber chi kha an tipung ta chiam mai thin a. Chung te chu polypot ah an dah a, greenhouse hnuaiah an dah ang vang phawt a (hei hi biotechnology ah chuan hardening an ti). Chumi hnuah chin theih turin a hlawmin an la chhuak thin. Tissue culture hmanga chin darh hi tunhma chuan kan uar lo hle a, tunah erawh chuan kumtinin Horticulture Department hian a ching duh te tan thahnem tham tak a siam chhuak teuh thin. Balhla chin dan pangai ang lo takin, tissue culture balhla ho hi chu thing tiak kan phun hun pangai, furah phun tur a ni a, balhla pangai ai chuan a thang muang deuh hlek thin bawk.

           Kan ramah hian balhla hi an tha duh hle a, chin theih lohna hmun a awm em em pawh ka hre lo. Khawilai ah pawh, lei tak deuhna hmunah tawh phawt chuan han ching ila, a tha ve thei mai zel chu anih hi. Mahse thli natna hmunah chuan a kung a tlu duh hle a, dokalh tuk a ngai thin ang. Tin thli tamna lai ah chuan a hnah a thler chhe duh hle a, a hnah hi chaw siamtu ber anih vangin a hnah a that loh chuan a rah pawhin duhthu a sam lo deuh ngei ang.

Balhla thatna te:

           Balhla hi a tui hle a, a nem a, a thlum a, pumpai pawh a nuam hle. Thei dang ang lo takin a kawr/pil chhung lam ami chu paih tur awm miah lohvin a ei theih vek a ni. Taksa tana chawtha pawh a pai tam hle a, a chakna pai tam lam chhut chhuah hi laboratory hrang hrangah inang thei vek lo mahse, a hnuai ami ang hi balhla 100g in nutrients a pai tlangpui chu a ni:

Calories    -                65.5 - 111 cal 
Moisture    -               68.6 - 78.1g
Protein        -             1.1 - 1.87g
Carbohydrates    -      19.33 - 25.8g
Fat        -                   0.016 - 0.4g
Fibre        -                0.33 - 1.07g
Ash        -                 0.60 - 1.48g
Calcium    -              3.2 - 13.8mg
Phosphorus    -        16.3 - 50.4mg
Iron        -                 0.4 - 1.50mg
β-Carotene    -         0.006 - 0.151mg
Thiamine    -             0.04 - 0.54mg
Riboflavin    -           0.05 - 0.067mg
Niacin        -            0.60 - 1.05mg
Ascorbic acid    -     5.60 - 36.4mg
Tryptophan    -        17 - 19mg
Methionine    -         7 - 10mg
Lysine        -            58 - 76mg


            Tuibur, sahdah, khaini, kuhva te ai chuan balhla hian chakna a pai tam ka ring zawk a. Tryptophan a pai tel avang hian rilrua hlimna leh thathona min pe thei nia ngaih a ni bawk. Mi tam tak rin loh dan deuh vin pumpui ulcer tan a tha an tih tlat pek chu. Balhla pum khat ah hian taksa in a mamawh ang chakna chi hrang tam tak a awm a, fibre a tam avangin pum pai a ti nuam thei hle bawk. Fa te ei atana Burma product eiphung lei ai chuan naupang tana chaw tha, an thanna atana mamawh tam tak pai, tui tho bawk si, natna hrik te'na an bawm theih miah loh tura thianghlim leh uluk taka a pil ina a tuam tlat balhla hi leisak a chi zawk ang.

            Balhla hi a lo tangkai khawp mai. A rah la chang lo hi vawkchaw atan a tha hle a, chakma unaute zingah chawhmeh atana hmang thin ka hre bawk; a rah chang tawh, la hmin lo hi chips siam nan a tha a, a rah hmin hi chu a thatna kan hre vek. A tumbu khaileng hi thenkhat chuan chawhmeh atan an ei thin bawk a, a tumbu vui tan hi tumbu rau rau ah chuan a tui filawr khawp mai (kan ei phal anih phawt chuan).

Ka la hre reng mai

           Kan naupan laiin vawikhat chu luihnarah sanghate leh kaikuang man turin kan kal a. Khua a lum bawk a, luikal a nuam kher mai; chawhnu lam a lo ni a,  eitur kan pai si lo, kan ril a tam ngei mai. Vanneihthlak takin balhla kung sang takah balhla rah hmin kan hmu a, kan hlimin kan ri chel chul mai. Kan kit thlu a, phur takin a rah chu kan han ei a le... A mu hlir a mu hlirin a lo khat chu niin, kan chhak phurh phurh a. Balhla awzawng a lo ni lo. "Zawng balhla a niang" te kan ti a, "Zawng pawhin tui a ti bik miah lovang" kan ti zui nuah nuah a. A hnuah changel rah a ni tih ka hre ta a.

Balhla man a to chho zel


           Balhla hi kung khatah bu khat chauh a awm vangin chi a hlawk lo nia ngai an awm thin. Tunah chuan balhla that zia miin an hre tawh a, to deuh mahse an lei hram hram tawh thin. Khawpuiah chuan balhla hralh theih loh hi a awm meuh tawh lova. Tunlai tak phei chuan balhla man a to zual a, balhla 6-7 vel hmin tha tak hi Rs 20 in ka lei thin. A to fia fia khawp mai. Mahse kuhva hring ina taksa tana thatna a pai leh taksa tana that lohna a paite ka chhut a, chuti chunga ka lei reng tho si te hi ka chhut chiang a, chuvangin balhla man hi to deuh ta pawh nise, ka fa te'n an ei duh chhung chuan ka lei zel thovang.


           Kan ram a awl dei duai a, heng ah te hian taima tan chuan ei hmuhna tham tur thlai leh thei a chin theih chiang maw le. Mitaima chuan leilung atangin hausakna leh malsawmna a dawng thin. Mahse chu malsawmna dawng tur chuan kan peih loh ber thin "hna hram" thawh a ngai miau si. Balhla ah hian kan la intodelh lo em em mai a, kan thar chhun te pawh hi, ram pawn lama thawn chhuah chu sawi loh, khawpui pawh hi kan la chawm zo meuh lo chu anih hi. Taima tan chuan thei huan siam ringawt pawhin pawsa tam tak a lakluh theih hi ka ring tlat a ni.

            Kum 10 kaltaa Shillonga kan awm lai khan balhla pakhat hi Rs 5 in ka lei thin a, a to uchuak ka ti em em a, ka tha a na ngawih ngawih thin. Tunah zet chuan kan ram lamah pawh balhla man a to ve ta ngei mai. Balhla huan nei te tan chuan malsawmna a ni chho ta zel anih hi.

           Ka balhla huan siam ve lah chu kan chhangchhiat buai vangin ka enkawl zui thei lova, enkawltu awm lo na na na chu a rem zo tawh si. Lo la enkawl chhunzawm hram hram chu ni ila, pawisa tam tak sengin balhla ka lei fo lo tur......

                                                          Kan chin kum, favang laia lak

                                              Chin atangin thla sawm na chiah chiah

                                                                 A rit asin aw....

             Tuna ka ngaihtuah let hian hah taka ka phun balhla te kha, buai chung chung karah pawh ka lo enkawl hram hram lo kha ka inchhir thin......

             Biology tana applied science rau rau ah chuan huan siam hi thil awlsam leh raw materials ngai tam lo, hautak bawk si lo, mizopa tawh phawt chuan zir lem lova a thiamsa a ni a. Chutih laia thiamna tlemte belhchhaha tih takzeta a beih anih chuan huan siam atang hian mahni ei khawp hmuh a harsa lo khawpin ka ring thin.